Foreword
This paper contains the real secret of tapping the vacuum energy very simply, using almost any
source of potential (battery, electrostatic generator a la Swiss electrostatic device (the
Testatika), elevated wire wire/250 V/m in the earth/ionosphere potential, etc). The objective is
for the moderately technical reader to understand how to build and understand not only a single
device, but also hundreds of different kinds of them. While it is quite simple, the "magic
principle" contained in this paper only took me some 30 years to discover.
The precise definitions necessary to understand the free energy rationale are included. Also
included are some very simple pseudo equations for the process. Do not underestimate these
simple pseudo equations -- they tell the tale that's needed.
Also, there has been little or no time to "dress up" the paper. It's simply written down very
informally, to get the necessary points across.
Nearly everything fundamental that we've been taught about EM energy is wrong or incomplete.
Even the definition of energy in physics is wrong! Let me summarize a few of the things that are
wrong with the classical electromagnetics (CEM) model as follows:
CEM is still utilizing a model based on a material ether. Although the Michelson-Morley
experiment destroyed the material ether assumption in 1887, the classical EM model has never
been corrected. It also contains no definition of charge, and no definition of potential. In many
cases, algorithms to calculate a magnitude are boldfacedly and erroneously advanced as
"definitions." CEM still prescribes the force fields as the causes of all EM phenomena; it has
been known since 1959 that forces are effects and not causes, that EM force fields exist only in
and on the charged particles of mass in the physical system, and that the potentials are the
primary causes of EM phenomena. The lack of definitive definitions of mass and force in
mechanics is carried over into EM theory; there is no adequate definition of EM force or of EM
mass. The magnitude of the electrical charge on an electron is not quantized. Instead, it is
discretized, being a function of the magnitude of the virtual photon flux (VPF) exchange
between the vacuum and the charged particle. When the charged particle is placed in a
potential that differs from ambient, then the magnitude of the VPF -- and hence the magnitude
of the electric charge on the electron -- is altered. The CEM assumption of an "empty vacuum"
is totally falsified by modern quantum mechanics. The CEM notion that EM force fields and
force field waves exist in vacuum is totally false. Only potentials and potential gradients exist in
the vacuum. EM waves in vacuum are not force field waves as CEM prescribes; instead, they
are oscillations of potentials and potential gradients. Potentials have a bidirectional EM wavepair
structure, where the bidirectional wave pairs are phaselocked in a harmonic series. In each
wave pair, photons and antiphotons are continually coupling (into spin-2 gravitons) and
decoupling. This is where gravitation and electromagnetics are unified. The CEM notion that
singular EM forces exist in either matter or the vacuum is false; Newton's third law requires that
all forces exist in oppositive pairs. Not a single one of the equations universally taught as
"Maxwell's equations" ever appeared in any book or paper by James Clerk Maxwell; instead,
they are Oliver Heaviside's equations. Maxwell's actual theory was written in quaternions, which
is a complete system of mathematics. The Heaviside/Gibbs vector version
(1) has a lower topology,
(2) is not a complete system of mathematics, and
(3) actually captured only a subset of Maxwell's actual theory.
Tensor theory does not recapture that which was lost.
There are even more errors in CEM, but these should suffice to make the point: Classical
electromagnetics theory is seriously flawed, with archaic foundations, riddled with errors, and it
should be completely redone. Until this revamping of CEM is accomplished, the present model
solidly blocks free energy, antigravity, a unified physical field theory, and a unified theory of
mind and matter interaction.
A second paper this year will detail the exact long-term causative mechanism for cancer and
leukemia, and the exact mechanism for essentially 100% cure of terminal tumors in laboratory
animals, demonstrated by the Priore team in France in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The
same mechanism can be used to cure AIDS.
Throughout the world, humankind is suffering. In the poor populations of the world, early death
is the norm, as is frequent famine. One third of the human race goes to bed hungry each night.
Protein starvation of children is common. One third of the human race is infected with worms.
Many other diseases ravage the far-flung poor peoples of the world. They have little or no
industries. They have no abundant electrical power. They have little education, and little modern
knowledge. They have little or no medical treatment. In short, they are born without hope; live in
misery, filth, disease, and poverty, and die without dignity.
Meanwhile, the factories, cities, and enclaves of the "developed and developing" worlds belch
forth fumes, toxic and hazardous wastes, and pollutants. They also spew forth weaponry which
for one reason or another is used to arm the poorer nations, for use in destroying themselves
and their impoverished neighbors. Warfare, terror, banditry, despotism, and all the four
horsemen of the Apocalypse are truly loosed in the earth.
We simply must do better than that. And we can do better than that! But to do better, we've got
to make the basics available to impoverished nations, cheaply and easily. Primary among their
needs are energy and medical treatment. Given those, populations can be stabilized, people
educated, development begun, and the living standard drastically elevated.
So that is the immediate goal. In this paper, I am freely giving away what required me an
arduous 30 years of my life to discover. Shortly we will also detail the new methodology for a
new therapeutic science, hopefully to cure the diseases that ravage humanity.
God willing, this paper will trigger a thousand, or even ten thousand, scientists and engineers to
develop overunity energy devices. If so, shortly we can rid our biosphere of noxious automobile
and factory exhausts, radioactive nuclear wastes, and massive oil spills. We can remove many
of the hydrocarbon combustion pollutants from the air, stop acid rain and the destruction of our
forests, and stop the steady rise of carbon monoxide in our air. If that truly tends toward a
"Greenhouse" effect, then we can halt that effect as well.
The Creator has always given us bountiful free electrical energy, everywhere, easily and readily
for the simple taking. It has only been our own blindness and folly that have prevented us from
seeing and using this free energy bounty.
So here is the final secret of abundant, free electrical energy. Please use the knowledge well
and see that its benefits also accrue to those impoverished ones who need it so desperately.
Remember the adage, "Inasmuch as you have done it to these little ones..."
This is for those little ones. You are our brothers and sisters. We want you to live. And we want
you to have a better quality of life, not just bare existence. We care.
Wednesday 11 February 2009
THE FINAL SECRET OF FREE ENERGY
Some Definitions
The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum: First we need some definitions. We start by assuming the
quantum mechanical vacuum.1 Empty "spacetime" is filled with an incredibly intense flux of
virtual particles. It is a plenum, not an emptiness. We shall be interested only in the fantastic flux
of virtual photons , for we are discussing electromagnetics.
Energy and Potential: Energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle
flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual photon flux
(VPF) of vacuum. That is, for a particular kind of "field" energy, we simply choose the so-called
quantum particle of that field, and consider only that kind of virtual particle flux.
Potential is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Hey!
That's exactly the same definition as energy. Quite correct. Energy and potential are identically
the same. Neither is presently defined correctly in physics.
Energy is normally defined as "Energy is the capacity to do work." That's totally false. Energy
has the capacity to do work, because work is correctly defined as the dissipation (disordering;
scattering) of energy (order). The scattering of energy is work. It is not energy! I.e., energy is not
definable as its own scattering!
Look at it this way: A man has the capacity to catch fish. That is true, but it is not a definition,
since a definition must in some sense be an identity. You cannot say that a man is the capacity
to catch fish! That may be a submitted definition, all right, but it is false. Similarly, energy has
the capacity to do work; that is one of its attributes. But energy IS the ordering in the VPF (we
are referring from now on primarily only to EM).
Scalar and Vector Potentials: The scalar potential is any static (with respect to the external
observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. The vector potential is any dynamic (with respect to
the external observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. We shall be interested in the electrostatic
scalar potential. So it is a static ordering -- a stationary template -- in the VPF of vacuum, much
as a whirlpool is a stationary ordering (template, form) in the rushing flow of a river.
The Quantum Mechanical Vacuum: First we need some definitions. We start by assuming the
quantum mechanical vacuum.1 Empty "spacetime" is filled with an incredibly intense flux of
virtual particles. It is a plenum, not an emptiness. We shall be interested only in the fantastic flux
of virtual photons , for we are discussing electromagnetics.
Energy and Potential: Energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle
flux of vacuum. EM energy is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual photon flux
(VPF) of vacuum. That is, for a particular kind of "field" energy, we simply choose the so-called
quantum particle of that field, and consider only that kind of virtual particle flux.
Potential is any ordering, either static or dynamic, in the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Hey!
That's exactly the same definition as energy. Quite correct. Energy and potential are identically
the same. Neither is presently defined correctly in physics.
Energy is normally defined as "Energy is the capacity to do work." That's totally false. Energy
has the capacity to do work, because work is correctly defined as the dissipation (disordering;
scattering) of energy (order). The scattering of energy is work. It is not energy! I.e., energy is not
definable as its own scattering!
Look at it this way: A man has the capacity to catch fish. That is true, but it is not a definition,
since a definition must in some sense be an identity. You cannot say that a man is the capacity
to catch fish! That may be a submitted definition, all right, but it is false. Similarly, energy has
the capacity to do work; that is one of its attributes. But energy IS the ordering in the VPF (we
are referring from now on primarily only to EM).
Scalar and Vector Potentials: The scalar potential is any static (with respect to the external
observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. The vector potential is any dynamic (with respect to
the external observer) ordering in the VPF of vacuum. We shall be interested in the electrostatic
scalar potential. So it is a static ordering -- a stationary template -- in the VPF of vacuum, much
as a whirlpool is a stationary ordering (template, form) in the rushing flow of a river.
The Scalar Potential Has An Internal Structure
The Structure of the Scalar Potential: According to rigorous proofs by Whittaker2 and
Ziolkowski,3 any scalar potential can be mathematically decomposed into a harmonic series of
bidirectional wave pairs. Figure 1 shows this Whittaker/Ziolkowski (WZ) structure. In each pair,
the forward-time wave is going in one direction, and its phase conjugate (time-reversed) replica
wave is going in the other. According to the so-called distortion correction theorem 4 of nonlinear
phase conjugate optics, this PCR wave must precisely superpose spatially with its partner wave
in the pair. The two waves are in-phase spatially , but 180 degrees out of phase in time. The
wave is made of photons, and the antiwave (PCR wave) is made of antiphotons. It follows that,
as wave and antiwave pass through each other, the photons and antiphotons are coupling and
uncoupling with each other, because the antiphoton is a PCR photon, and PCR's precisely
superpose spatially with their partner. A photon or antiphoton has wave characteristics, because
it has a frequency; if the wave aspects are perfectly ordered and perfectly correlated, then so
are the photon's particle aspects.
A Potential Is An Ordering Across the Universe: So we have -- astoundingly -- perfect VPF
inner ordering infolded in the electrostatic scalar potential! We also have perfect wave/antiwave
ordering infolded in there. When you collect a simple set of charges on a small ball or in a
region, the scalar EM potential from that set of charges reaches across the universe. In it you
have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-forward EM waves going out from the
charges to all distant points of the entire universe. And you have an infinite harmonic series of
phase-locked time-reversed EM waves coming from all points of the universe, back to the
"collected charges" source.
A Potential Is A River of Energy: The point is, you have established a mighty, hidden, 2-way
river of energy between that collection of charges and every other point in the universe. There is
infinite energy in each of those infolded waves and antiwaves. But in a localized region, the
energy density in each wave is finite. Since in finite circuits the potential interacts with a
localized set of mass, we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules/coulomb) of
the potential.
But forget the conventional myth of visualizing the potential as pushing a unit charge in from
infinity "against the force field" -- there isn't any force field in the vacuum, as is well-known in
quantum mechanics. Also, Newton's third law requires all forces to occur in pairs -- each pair
consisting of a force and its 3rd law reaction force. From that viewpoint alone, there is no such
thing as an EM forcefield or force field wave in the vacuum. There are just gradients of the
vacuum potential present in the vacuum. In the vacuum, an EM wave is actually a wave of the
phase locked gradients of the electrostatic scalar potential and of the magnetostatic scalar
potential. And each such gradient wave is simultaneously accompanied by its phase conjugate
gradient wave, because of Newton's third law.
Newton's third law requires forces to occur in pairs of equal but antiparallel forces.
Both wave and antiwave co-exist simultaneously in the vacuum EM wave.5 Therefore it's a
stress potential wave, not a force field wave. It's more like an electromagnetic sound wave,6 and
so it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse wave. In the EM vacuum wave's interaction with
matter (the so-called "photon" interaction), the wave normally half interacts with the electron
shells of the atom, giving translation forces, while the anti-wave half interacts with the atomic
nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces (waves). The EM wave in vacuum
is an electrogravitational wave.
Energy Is Internally Infinite and Unlimited: A static potential -- which is identically excess
energy -- is internally dynamic and infinite. Energy is internally infinite and unlimited! But it has a
finite energy density in a local region of spacetime. Since energy interacts with matter locally,
we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules per coulomb).
A Principle of Great Importance: The only way you can have a "chunk" or finite amount of
energy to dissipate in a circuit as work is to first have a potential's local energy density interact
with a local finite mass collector. The normal interacting mass collector is the free electrons (the
free electron gas) in the circuit. You can have, e.g., (joules/coulomb x coulomb); (joules/gram x
grams); (joules/m3 x m3); etc.
Voltage, Force, Potential Gradients, Loads, and Work: Now let's look at circuitry aspects.
Conventionally they are a mess. Voltage is "essentially" defined as the "drop in potential." In
other words, it's the dissipation (disordering) of a "finite amount" of potential gradient. But the
only way you can get a "finite amount" of infinite energy/potential gradient is by first interacting
the potential gradient's internal, finite, excess energy density with a finite "collector" mass. E.g.,
(joules/coulomb available for collection) x (coulombs collecting) = excess joules collected on the
interacting coulombs, available for dissipation.
So voltage is really the dissipation of a finite collection of excess EM energy/potential gradient.
The dissipation of potential or of its gradient is not potential! You cannot logically define either
potential or energy as is own dissipation!
We presently use the notion of "voltage" in two completely contradictory ways in electrical
physics. Here's how we got the confusion: We take a potential gradient (which has a local
energy density), and we "collect" it across some charged masses in a locality -- usually the free
electrons in the free electron gas in our circuitry. That is, we express the finite energy density of
the potential gradient (before collection onto charges) in the local region in terms of energy per
coulomb. The potential gradient actually is a change to the ambient potential, and so it contains
an excess energy density (the magnitude may be either positive or negative). We then collect
this potential (actually this potential density) on a certain number of coulombs, which places tiny
little gradients of potential across (coupled to) each free electron. The local excess energy
density of the potential gradient multiplied by the amount of collecting mass gives the amount of
excess energy collected (on the interacting charges/coulombs). On each collecting particle, that
little gradient, together with the coupling particle, constitutes a tiny force. F is not just equal to
ma (non relativistic case); instead, F ≡ (ma), where (mass x acceleration) is considered as a
unitary, inseparable thing. So that little potentialized electron (that little EM force) moves itself
around the circuit. In the load (scatterer), the little potentialized electron (the little force) is
subjected to jerks and accelerations, thus radiating energy (shucking its gradient). Since this is
done in all directions in the scatterer (load), that gets rid of the gradient, reducing the "little
force" (potentialized electron) to zero because the little potential gradient is lost due to radiation.
Ziolkowski,3 any scalar potential can be mathematically decomposed into a harmonic series of
bidirectional wave pairs. Figure 1 shows this Whittaker/Ziolkowski (WZ) structure. In each pair,
the forward-time wave is going in one direction, and its phase conjugate (time-reversed) replica
wave is going in the other. According to the so-called distortion correction theorem 4 of nonlinear
phase conjugate optics, this PCR wave must precisely superpose spatially with its partner wave
in the pair. The two waves are in-phase spatially , but 180 degrees out of phase in time. The
wave is made of photons, and the antiwave (PCR wave) is made of antiphotons. It follows that,
as wave and antiwave pass through each other, the photons and antiphotons are coupling and
uncoupling with each other, because the antiphoton is a PCR photon, and PCR's precisely
superpose spatially with their partner. A photon or antiphoton has wave characteristics, because
it has a frequency; if the wave aspects are perfectly ordered and perfectly correlated, then so
are the photon's particle aspects.
A Potential Is An Ordering Across the Universe: So we have -- astoundingly -- perfect VPF
inner ordering infolded in the electrostatic scalar potential! We also have perfect wave/antiwave
ordering infolded in there. When you collect a simple set of charges on a small ball or in a
region, the scalar EM potential from that set of charges reaches across the universe. In it you
have an infinite harmonic series of phase-locked time-forward EM waves going out from the
charges to all distant points of the entire universe. And you have an infinite harmonic series of
phase-locked time-reversed EM waves coming from all points of the universe, back to the
"collected charges" source.
A Potential Is A River of Energy: The point is, you have established a mighty, hidden, 2-way
river of energy between that collection of charges and every other point in the universe. There is
infinite energy in each of those infolded waves and antiwaves. But in a localized region, the
energy density in each wave is finite. Since in finite circuits the potential interacts with a
localized set of mass, we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules/coulomb) of
the potential.
But forget the conventional myth of visualizing the potential as pushing a unit charge in from
infinity "against the force field" -- there isn't any force field in the vacuum, as is well-known in
quantum mechanics. Also, Newton's third law requires all forces to occur in pairs -- each pair
consisting of a force and its 3rd law reaction force. From that viewpoint alone, there is no such
thing as an EM forcefield or force field wave in the vacuum. There are just gradients of the
vacuum potential present in the vacuum. In the vacuum, an EM wave is actually a wave of the
phase locked gradients of the electrostatic scalar potential and of the magnetostatic scalar
potential. And each such gradient wave is simultaneously accompanied by its phase conjugate
gradient wave, because of Newton's third law.
Newton's third law requires forces to occur in pairs of equal but antiparallel forces.
Both wave and antiwave co-exist simultaneously in the vacuum EM wave.5 Therefore it's a
stress potential wave, not a force field wave. It's more like an electromagnetic sound wave,6 and
so it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse wave. In the EM vacuum wave's interaction with
matter (the so-called "photon" interaction), the wave normally half interacts with the electron
shells of the atom, giving translation forces, while the anti-wave half interacts with the atomic
nucleus, giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces (waves). The EM wave in vacuum
is an electrogravitational wave.
Energy Is Internally Infinite and Unlimited: A static potential -- which is identically excess
energy -- is internally dynamic and infinite. Energy is internally infinite and unlimited! But it has a
finite energy density in a local region of spacetime. Since energy interacts with matter locally,
we shall be concerned with the local energy density (joules per coulomb).
A Principle of Great Importance: The only way you can have a "chunk" or finite amount of
energy to dissipate in a circuit as work is to first have a potential's local energy density interact
with a local finite mass collector. The normal interacting mass collector is the free electrons (the
free electron gas) in the circuit. You can have, e.g., (joules/coulomb x coulomb); (joules/gram x
grams); (joules/m3 x m3); etc.
Voltage, Force, Potential Gradients, Loads, and Work: Now let's look at circuitry aspects.
Conventionally they are a mess. Voltage is "essentially" defined as the "drop in potential." In
other words, it's the dissipation (disordering) of a "finite amount" of potential gradient. But the
only way you can get a "finite amount" of infinite energy/potential gradient is by first interacting
the potential gradient's internal, finite, excess energy density with a finite "collector" mass. E.g.,
(joules/coulomb available for collection) x (coulombs collecting) = excess joules collected on the
interacting coulombs, available for dissipation.
So voltage is really the dissipation of a finite collection of excess EM energy/potential gradient.
The dissipation of potential or of its gradient is not potential! You cannot logically define either
potential or energy as is own dissipation!
We presently use the notion of "voltage" in two completely contradictory ways in electrical
physics. Here's how we got the confusion: We take a potential gradient (which has a local
energy density), and we "collect" it across some charged masses in a locality -- usually the free
electrons in the free electron gas in our circuitry. That is, we express the finite energy density of
the potential gradient (before collection onto charges) in the local region in terms of energy per
coulomb. The potential gradient actually is a change to the ambient potential, and so it contains
an excess energy density (the magnitude may be either positive or negative). We then collect
this potential (actually this potential density) on a certain number of coulombs, which places tiny
little gradients of potential across (coupled to) each free electron. The local excess energy
density of the potential gradient multiplied by the amount of collecting mass gives the amount of
excess energy collected (on the interacting charges/coulombs). On each collecting particle, that
little gradient, together with the coupling particle, constitutes a tiny force. F is not just equal to
ma (non relativistic case); instead, F ≡ (ma), where (mass x acceleration) is considered as a
unitary, inseparable thing. So that little potentialized electron (that little EM force) moves itself
around the circuit. In the load (scatterer), the little potentialized electron (the little force) is
subjected to jerks and accelerations, thus radiating energy (shucking its gradient). Since this is
done in all directions in the scatterer (load), that gets rid of the gradient, reducing the "little
force" (potentialized electron) to zero because the little potential gradient is lost due to radiation.
Collecting And Dissipating Energy
Collecting And Dissipating Energy
Energy Dissipation and Collection: Without further ado, we consider the scalar potential's
local energy density in terms of joules per coulomb. That is, in a specific glob of charges (i.e., in
finite circuits), the amount of energy collected from a potential gradient onto the finite number of
charges receiving/collecting it, is equal to the number of joules of energy per coulomb that is in
the potential gradient, times the number of coulombs collecting (receiving) the potential
gradient. The current is the activated (potentialized) coulombs per second that dissipate their
potential gradients during that second. The current multiplied by the time the current flows gives
the activated coulombs that dissipated their activation (potentialization) during that flow time.
Dissipating, activated coulombs multiplied by the excess energy collected per activated
coulomb gives the energy dissipated (the work or scattering done) in the load.
We define collection as the connection of a potential gradient (a source) to the charged masses
in a circuit element (the element is called the collector ), which for a finite delay time does not
allow its potentialized free electrons to move as current. In the collector, during this delay time
these trapped electrons are "activated" by potential gradients being coupled to them.
Technically, that delay time in the collector is known as relaxation time,7 in the case of the free
electron gas8 (in a wire or in a circuit element). A collector then is a circuit element that has a
usable, finite relaxation time. During that relaxation time, the trapped electrons are potentialized
without movement as current; each collecting/receiving free electron gets a little gradient across
it, but no current yet flows. In other words, during this finite relaxation time (collection time), we
extract potential from the source, but no current. Thus we extract energy (potential), but no
power (which is voltage x amperage). During the relaxation time, we extract from the source
only a flow of VPF, which is continually replaced in the source by the vacuum's violent VPF
exchange with the source's bipolarity charges. We do not extract power from the battery/source
during relaxation time, but we extract free energy density. That free energy density, coupling
with a finite quantity of electrons, gives us a collected finite amount of energy. With that
background, let's start again, and go through this in a useful "free energy" manner.
The Electron Gas. We refer to the conventional model of the free electron gas in a wire.9
Although the electrons in this gas actually move by quantum mechanical laws and not by
classical laws, we shall simply be dealing with the "on the average" case. So we will speak of
the electrons and their movement in a classical sense, rather than a quantum mechanical
sense, as this will suffice very well for our purposes.
When one connects a circuit to a source of potential gradient (say, to a battery), the first thing
that happens nearly instantly is that the potential gradient races onto the coupling wire and
heads down it at almost the speed of light. As it goes onto the wire, this gradient "couples" to
the free electrons in the free electron gas. However, inside the wire, these electrons can hardly
move down the wire at all; they can only "slip" once in a while, yielding a "drift" velocity of a
fraction of a cm/sec.10 On the surface, things are just a little bit different. Most of the "current" in
a wire, as is well-known, moves along the surface, giving us the "skin" effect. [For that reason,
many cables are stranded of finer wires, to provide more skin surface per cm3 of copper, and
hence more current-carrying capability per cm3 of copper.]
So, initially, little gradients of potential appear on and across each free electron, with a single
little ∇φon each electron, and coupled to it. The couplet of [∇φ•me], where me is the mass of the
electron, constitutes a small ΔEe. [This is rigorous; the conventional EM notion that an E field
exists in the vacuum is absurd, and it is well-known in QM that no observable force field exists
in the vacuum. As Feynman pointed out, only the potential for the force field exists in the
vacuum,11 not the force field as such. Or as Lindsay and Margenau pointed out in their
Foundations of Physics, one does not have an observable
force except when observable mass is present.12]. We have stated it even stronger: Not only is
F = ma, but F ≡ ma (nonrelativistic case).13 Since no observable mass exists in vacuum, then no
observable F exists there either.
Energy Dissipation and Collection: Without further ado, we consider the scalar potential's
local energy density in terms of joules per coulomb. That is, in a specific glob of charges (i.e., in
finite circuits), the amount of energy collected from a potential gradient onto the finite number of
charges receiving/collecting it, is equal to the number of joules of energy per coulomb that is in
the potential gradient, times the number of coulombs collecting (receiving) the potential
gradient. The current is the activated (potentialized) coulombs per second that dissipate their
potential gradients during that second. The current multiplied by the time the current flows gives
the activated coulombs that dissipated their activation (potentialization) during that flow time.
Dissipating, activated coulombs multiplied by the excess energy collected per activated
coulomb gives the energy dissipated (the work or scattering done) in the load.
We define collection as the connection of a potential gradient (a source) to the charged masses
in a circuit element (the element is called the collector ), which for a finite delay time does not
allow its potentialized free electrons to move as current. In the collector, during this delay time
these trapped electrons are "activated" by potential gradients being coupled to them.
Technically, that delay time in the collector is known as relaxation time,7 in the case of the free
electron gas8 (in a wire or in a circuit element). A collector then is a circuit element that has a
usable, finite relaxation time. During that relaxation time, the trapped electrons are potentialized
without movement as current; each collecting/receiving free electron gets a little gradient across
it, but no current yet flows. In other words, during this finite relaxation time (collection time), we
extract potential from the source, but no current. Thus we extract energy (potential), but no
power (which is voltage x amperage). During the relaxation time, we extract from the source
only a flow of VPF, which is continually replaced in the source by the vacuum's violent VPF
exchange with the source's bipolarity charges. We do not extract power from the battery/source
during relaxation time, but we extract free energy density. That free energy density, coupling
with a finite quantity of electrons, gives us a collected finite amount of energy. With that
background, let's start again, and go through this in a useful "free energy" manner.
The Electron Gas. We refer to the conventional model of the free electron gas in a wire.9
Although the electrons in this gas actually move by quantum mechanical laws and not by
classical laws, we shall simply be dealing with the "on the average" case. So we will speak of
the electrons and their movement in a classical sense, rather than a quantum mechanical
sense, as this will suffice very well for our purposes.
When one connects a circuit to a source of potential gradient (say, to a battery), the first thing
that happens nearly instantly is that the potential gradient races onto the coupling wire and
heads down it at almost the speed of light. As it goes onto the wire, this gradient "couples" to
the free electrons in the free electron gas. However, inside the wire, these electrons can hardly
move down the wire at all; they can only "slip" once in a while, yielding a "drift" velocity of a
fraction of a cm/sec.10 On the surface, things are just a little bit different. Most of the "current" in
a wire, as is well-known, moves along the surface, giving us the "skin" effect. [For that reason,
many cables are stranded of finer wires, to provide more skin surface per cm3 of copper, and
hence more current-carrying capability per cm3 of copper.]
So, initially, little gradients of potential appear on and across each free electron, with a single
little ∇φon each electron, and coupled to it. The couplet of [∇φ•me], where me is the mass of the
electron, constitutes a small ΔEe. [This is rigorous; the conventional EM notion that an E field
exists in the vacuum is absurd, and it is well-known in QM that no observable force field exists
in the vacuum. As Feynman pointed out, only the potential for the force field exists in the
vacuum,11 not the force field as such. Or as Lindsay and Margenau pointed out in their
Foundations of Physics, one does not have an observable
force except when observable mass is present.12]. We have stated it even stronger: Not only is
F = ma, but F ≡ ma (nonrelativistic case).13 Since no observable mass exists in vacuum, then no
observable F exists there either.
Force, Coupled Gradients, and Electron Translation
Force, Coupled Gradients, and Electron Translation
Electrons Coupled to a Potential Gradient Move Themselves. The point is, when activated
by a "coupled potential gradient," the activated electron moves itself until it loses its activation
(its coupled potential gradient).
Let me say that again, in a little more detail. Forget the standard notion that a force field such as
the E-field causes electrons to move. Also forget the notion that the E-field is given by E = -∇φ.
In foundations of physics, those equations are known to be incorrect for the vacuum. EM force
fields are known (in QM foundations theory) to be effects, existing only in and on the charged
particles, and not existing separately at all,14 or in the vacuum at all.15 Instead of E = -∇φ, in the
vacuum the correct equation would be something like this: PE = -∇φ. In this case, we have
correctly stated that the potential gradient PE provides the potential for producing an antiparallel
E-field in and on a coupling/collecting charged mass, and the magnitude and direction of that
potential gradient will be given by -∇φ, if and only if a charged mass particle is first introduced
so that it couples to PE.
At any rate, the activated/potentialized electron moves itself. The reason is that it constitutes a
force. Force ≡ (mass x acceleration) (non relativistic case). So the potentialized/activated
electron is continuously accelerating. However, it is prevented from easily moving down the wire
directly. To begin to do that, it essentially has to first move to the outer skin of the copper
conductor.
The Collector: We now consider a circuit element that we called a collector . (It could be a
special coil made of special material, a capacitor with doped plates rather than simple
conducting plates, or any one of a number of things). The objective is for the collector to be
made of special material so that it has a free electron gas whose electrons are momentarily not
free to move as current (they continue to move violently around microscopically, but essentially
with zero net macroscopic translation) for a finite delay (relaxation) time, while they are settling
themselves upon the surface and preparing to move as current. Let's call the electrons NNTE
(no net translation electrons) during that finite delay (relaxation time). During that "no-current"
delay time, the NNTE electrons become potentialized/activated by the potential gradient
impressed across the collector. So at the end of the NNT time, the NNTE electrons are
potentialized, and each is of the form [∇φ•me].
Electrons Coupled to a Potential Gradient Move Themselves. The point is, when activated
by a "coupled potential gradient," the activated electron moves itself until it loses its activation
(its coupled potential gradient).
Let me say that again, in a little more detail. Forget the standard notion that a force field such as
the E-field causes electrons to move. Also forget the notion that the E-field is given by E = -∇φ.
In foundations of physics, those equations are known to be incorrect for the vacuum. EM force
fields are known (in QM foundations theory) to be effects, existing only in and on the charged
particles, and not existing separately at all,14 or in the vacuum at all.15 Instead of E = -∇φ, in the
vacuum the correct equation would be something like this: PE = -∇φ. In this case, we have
correctly stated that the potential gradient PE provides the potential for producing an antiparallel
E-field in and on a coupling/collecting charged mass, and the magnitude and direction of that
potential gradient will be given by -∇φ, if and only if a charged mass particle is first introduced
so that it couples to PE.
At any rate, the activated/potentialized electron moves itself. The reason is that it constitutes a
force. Force ≡ (mass x acceleration) (non relativistic case). So the potentialized/activated
electron is continuously accelerating. However, it is prevented from easily moving down the wire
directly. To begin to do that, it essentially has to first move to the outer skin of the copper
conductor.
The Collector: We now consider a circuit element that we called a collector . (It could be a
special coil made of special material, a capacitor with doped plates rather than simple
conducting plates, or any one of a number of things). The objective is for the collector to be
made of special material so that it has a free electron gas whose electrons are momentarily not
free to move as current (they continue to move violently around microscopically, but essentially
with zero net macroscopic translation) for a finite delay (relaxation) time, while they are settling
themselves upon the surface and preparing to move as current. Let's call the electrons NNTE
(no net translation electrons) during that finite delay (relaxation time). During that "no-current"
delay time, the NNTE electrons become potentialized/activated by the potential gradient
impressed across the collector. So at the end of the NNT time, the NNTE electrons are
potentialized, and each is of the form [∇φ•me].
The Secret of Free Energy
The Secret of Free Energy
Two Circuits/Two Cycles: We are going to use two circuits and two cycles, as shown in Figure
2:
(1) We shall connect a collector to a primary source of potential (to a battery) during the short
time that current does not yet flow, but potential does. (In other words, during the relaxation time
of the collector, we allow the VPF to flow onto the NNTE electrons of the collector and
potentialize (activate) them, but do not yet allow the electrons themselves to flow as current, but
only to move transversely in the wiring and collector.) This is cycle one of a 2-cycle process:
This is collection of a specific amount of current-free potential gradient -- power-free energy --
off the potential-source (the battery) onto a collector. During the collection cycle/time, current
does not and must not flow (we are discussing the ideal case). We are freely "charging up" the
collector as a secondary battery/source.
(2) At the end of the collection (potentialization/activation) time/cycle in circuit one, the
potentialized collector (the charged secondary source) is sharply switched away from its
connection to the primary potential source (the battery), and at the same time it is instantly
switched into a separate closed circuit with the load. This is important: In cycle two, the
potentialized collector (with its finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) and the load are
connected in a completely separate circuit , and one that is closed, with no connection at all to
the original source of potential (in this case, to the battery). Specifically, this "load and
potentialized collector" circuit is completely separate from the primary source; during cycle two
the primary source (the battery) is not connected to anything.
In other words, all we've taken from the primary source (the battery) is cur ent-free, force-fieldfree
potential gradient . So to speak, we've taken a "chunk of potential gradient" from the source,
nothing else. You simply multiply the potential gradient's local energy density (the so-called
"voltage", which is really excess joules per coulomb) by the number of coulombs of charge that
is "activated" (that "collects" this voltage or excess joules/coulomb) in the collector. Specifically,
we have not taken any power from the battery itself, and so we have not done any internal work
inside the battery upon its internal resistance, by a "closed circuit electron flow" back into the
battery. We have not permitted such a flow.
r
Instead, we are using the activated collector as a temporary, secondary battery. We will utilize
this secondary battery in a conventional manner to power the load, which will also kill the
secondary battery (dissipate its trapped EM energy). But that will not affect the primary source.
The primary source is never used to directly power the load. It is only used as an infinite source
of potential gradient (i.e., as an infinite source of energy density).
Two Circuits/Two Cycles: We are going to use two circuits and two cycles, as shown in Figure
2:
(1) We shall connect a collector to a primary source of potential (to a battery) during the short
time that current does not yet flow, but potential does. (In other words, during the relaxation time
of the collector, we allow the VPF to flow onto the NNTE electrons of the collector and
potentialize (activate) them, but do not yet allow the electrons themselves to flow as current, but
only to move transversely in the wiring and collector.) This is cycle one of a 2-cycle process:
This is collection of a specific amount of current-free potential gradient -- power-free energy --
off the potential-source (the battery) onto a collector. During the collection cycle/time, current
does not and must not flow (we are discussing the ideal case). We are freely "charging up" the
collector as a secondary battery/source.
(2) At the end of the collection (potentialization/activation) time/cycle in circuit one, the
potentialized collector (the charged secondary source) is sharply switched away from its
connection to the primary potential source (the battery), and at the same time it is instantly
switched into a separate closed circuit with the load. This is important: In cycle two, the
potentialized collector (with its finite amount of excess trapped EM energy) and the load are
connected in a completely separate circuit , and one that is closed, with no connection at all to
the original source of potential (in this case, to the battery). Specifically, this "load and
potentialized collector" circuit is completely separate from the primary source; during cycle two
the primary source (the battery) is not connected to anything.
In other words, all we've taken from the primary source (the battery) is cur ent-free, force-fieldfree
potential gradient . So to speak, we've taken a "chunk of potential gradient" from the source,
nothing else. You simply multiply the potential gradient's local energy density (the so-called
"voltage", which is really excess joules per coulomb) by the number of coulombs of charge that
is "activated" (that "collects" this voltage or excess joules/coulomb) in the collector. Specifically,
we have not taken any power from the battery itself, and so we have not done any internal work
inside the battery upon its internal resistance, by a "closed circuit electron flow" back into the
battery. We have not permitted such a flow.
r
Instead, we are using the activated collector as a temporary, secondary battery. We will utilize
this secondary battery in a conventional manner to power the load, which will also kill the
secondary battery (dissipate its trapped EM energy). But that will not affect the primary source.
The primary source is never used to directly power the load. It is only used as an infinite source
of potential gradient (i.e., as an infinite source of energy density).
The Standard Power Extraction Circuit
The Standard Power Extraction Circuit
The Conventional Circuit: We digress momentarily: In the standard electrical method, the
potential source (which is a bipolarity) is connected across the load. This connects both the
external load and the internal resistance of the battery itself in series, as the "total circuit load."
Electrons then pour through the external load circuit and through the internal battery resistance,
from the "electron rich" polarity of the source to its "electron poor" opposite polarity. The
scattering of energy in the internal battery resistance is actually doing work to upset the
chemistry that is maintaining the battery's charge separation (the bipolarity). In this manner, the
source's separation of charges (which is the "gate" furnishing the potential/energy gradient) is
being destroyed as the current flows, and this in turn destroys the source of the potential
gradient.
In other words, normally we, engineers, are trained to kill the bipolarity , which kills the potential
source itself! Incredible as it may be, we, engineers and scientists, have been trained to utilize
the free "trapped EM energy" furnished by nature through the source, to destroy the source of
the energy/potential, with the same vigor as they power the external load! In fact, our teachers
simply have never learned any other way to do it except this deliberately "self-destructive"
manner!
A Waterwheel Analogy
Imagine, if you will, a waterwheel that powers a mill, with a sluice gate upstream in a river, that
diverts some river water into the sluice carrying water to the wheel when the sluice gate is
opened into the river. The diverted water flows down to the waterwheel, turning it, and the spent
water is fed back into the river below the mill site. Now what fool would connect a pulley onto
the waterwheel, with a rope running from the pulley to the sluice gate, so that when the wheel
rotated, part of the rotational power also was utilized to close the sluice gate and shut off the
water, stopping the waterwheel? If one did so, when the sluice gate was opened, the
waterwheel would rotate only until the sluice gate was closed, shutting off the water. Then one
would laboriously have to pay to reopen the sluice gate again, then again, then again. No selfrespecting
"waterwheel engineer" would do such an unthinkable, insane thing. But that's exactly
what we engineers, electrical physicists, and scientists have been trained to do! We have no
energy engineers or energy scientists at all; instead, we have all been power engineers and
power scientists. We have all been energy source killers! In this paper, we shall try to do better,
and rectify "one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which
has ever been recorded in history," as Tesla called the conventional electromagnetics.16 By
being energy engineers, we shall only have to pay for our energy source once, and then we
shall draw as much energy from it as we wish.
The Conventional Circuit: We digress momentarily: In the standard electrical method, the
potential source (which is a bipolarity) is connected across the load. This connects both the
external load and the internal resistance of the battery itself in series, as the "total circuit load."
Electrons then pour through the external load circuit and through the internal battery resistance,
from the "electron rich" polarity of the source to its "electron poor" opposite polarity. The
scattering of energy in the internal battery resistance is actually doing work to upset the
chemistry that is maintaining the battery's charge separation (the bipolarity). In this manner, the
source's separation of charges (which is the "gate" furnishing the potential/energy gradient) is
being destroyed as the current flows, and this in turn destroys the source of the potential
gradient.
In other words, normally we, engineers, are trained to kill the bipolarity , which kills the potential
source itself! Incredible as it may be, we, engineers and scientists, have been trained to utilize
the free "trapped EM energy" furnished by nature through the source, to destroy the source of
the energy/potential, with the same vigor as they power the external load! In fact, our teachers
simply have never learned any other way to do it except this deliberately "self-destructive"
manner!
A Waterwheel Analogy
Imagine, if you will, a waterwheel that powers a mill, with a sluice gate upstream in a river, that
diverts some river water into the sluice carrying water to the wheel when the sluice gate is
opened into the river. The diverted water flows down to the waterwheel, turning it, and the spent
water is fed back into the river below the mill site. Now what fool would connect a pulley onto
the waterwheel, with a rope running from the pulley to the sluice gate, so that when the wheel
rotated, part of the rotational power also was utilized to close the sluice gate and shut off the
water, stopping the waterwheel? If one did so, when the sluice gate was opened, the
waterwheel would rotate only until the sluice gate was closed, shutting off the water. Then one
would laboriously have to pay to reopen the sluice gate again, then again, then again. No selfrespecting
"waterwheel engineer" would do such an unthinkable, insane thing. But that's exactly
what we engineers, electrical physicists, and scientists have been trained to do! We have no
energy engineers or energy scientists at all; instead, we have all been power engineers and
power scientists. We have all been energy source killers! In this paper, we shall try to do better,
and rectify "one of the most remarkable and inexplicable aberrations of the scientific mind which
has ever been recorded in history," as Tesla called the conventional electromagnetics.16 By
being energy engineers, we shall only have to pay for our energy source once, and then we
shall draw as much energy from it as we wish.
External Load Power Is Free; Only The Power In The Source Costs
External Load Power Is Free; Only The Power In The Source Costs
Here's the magic secret of free electrical power: The power in the external load is absolutely
free, and it always has been free. 17 In any load circuit, the only power you have to pay for,
and have ever had to pay for, is the power you incorrectly use to kill your own primary
source. The only power that "costs" more effort/dollars is the power erroneously utilized inside
the source to "close the gate" and kill the primary source. Your electric power company doesn't
pay for any of the collected energy on your load circuits that is dissipated to power your house.
Instead, the power company charges you for its own ignorance. It charges you for its insane use
of its own freely extracted electrical energy to continually kill the bipolarity in each of its
generators, thus continually killing the free electrical source of that generator's energy.18
In any electric circuit, we can continue to indefinitely power the external load indirectly
from a source, so long as we are not so naive as to use any of the free energy we extract
from the primary source to dissipate back inside the primary source itself and shut it off!
And we can easily and freely multiply electrical potential. As an example, given a single good
source of potential, a hundred radial wires can be connected to the source. The same potential
will now appear at each of the ends of the hundred wires. A switcher/collector unit can then
operate from each radial line's end, and power external loads, without "loading" the original
primary source. This "cascading" can be continued indefinitely. A single power plant, e.g., can
power the entire electrical grid of the United States. And a single automobile battery can power
a large, agile, electric automobile at highway speeds, with sports car acceleration, with unlimited
range, without "refueling," and with no noxious chemical exhaust.
Obvious Impacts
Environmentalists should immediately see that the chemical pollution of the biosphere by
mechanista and processes to obtain energy can be dramatically reduced, to almost negligible
levels. The e need be no huge oil tanker spills, for there need be no huge oil tankers . There
need be no worrisome radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants, or abandoned hazardous
nuclear plants when their life is finished, because there need be no nuclear power plants. There
need be no noxious exhausts from jet airplanes (which are really what is diminishing the ozone
layer and punching holes in it), automobiles, trucks, buses, innumerable coal-fired and oil-fired
power plants, etc.
Here's the magic secret of free electrical power: The power in the external load is absolutely
free, and it always has been free. 17 In any load circuit, the only power you have to pay for,
and have ever had to pay for, is the power you incorrectly use to kill your own primary
source. The only power that "costs" more effort/dollars is the power erroneously utilized inside
the source to "close the gate" and kill the primary source. Your electric power company doesn't
pay for any of the collected energy on your load circuits that is dissipated to power your house.
Instead, the power company charges you for its own ignorance. It charges you for its insane use
of its own freely extracted electrical energy to continually kill the bipolarity in each of its
generators, thus continually killing the free electrical source of that generator's energy.18
In any electric circuit, we can continue to indefinitely power the external load indirectly
from a source, so long as we are not so naive as to use any of the free energy we extract
from the primary source to dissipate back inside the primary source itself and shut it off!
And we can easily and freely multiply electrical potential. As an example, given a single good
source of potential, a hundred radial wires can be connected to the source. The same potential
will now appear at each of the ends of the hundred wires. A switcher/collector unit can then
operate from each radial line's end, and power external loads, without "loading" the original
primary source. This "cascading" can be continued indefinitely. A single power plant, e.g., can
power the entire electrical grid of the United States. And a single automobile battery can power
a large, agile, electric automobile at highway speeds, with sports car acceleration, with unlimited
range, without "refueling," and with no noxious chemical exhaust.
Obvious Impacts
Environmentalists should immediately see that the chemical pollution of the biosphere by
mechanista and processes to obtain energy can be dramatically reduced, to almost negligible
levels. The e need be no huge oil tanker spills, for there need be no huge oil tankers . There
need be no worrisome radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants, or abandoned hazardous
nuclear plants when their life is finished, because there need be no nuclear power plants. There
need be no noxious exhausts from jet airplanes (which are really what is diminishing the ozone
layer and punching holes in it), automobiles, trucks, buses, innumerable coal-fired and oil-fired
power plants, etc.
The Electronic Smog Problem
The Electronic Smog Problem
In fairness we point out that, as the usage of free electrical energy mushrooms, we will be
dramatically increasing the low-level EM signal density of the environment, and that too is
biologically detrimental. Although beyond the scope of this paper, that cumulative biological
damage mechanism has also been uncovered by this author. A formal paper is presently in
preparation for presentation in March 1993 at the annual meeting and conference of the
Alabama Academy of Science.19 The paper will also present an entirely new definition of cancer,
give its exact long-term cumulative mechanism, and give an exact, scientifically proven
mechanism for eliminating cancer, leukemia, and other debilitating diseases such as AIDS. For
our purposes here, we simply state that we understand the EM "electronic smog" biological
damage mechanism, and how to go about developing a total counter for it. Eventually, we would
see a small "counter unit" added to each power unit, alleviating the "electronic smog" problem
and preventing biological damage.
Only Dissipate Energy From a Collector, Not the Source
Completion of the Collection Cycle: But to return to the completion of our collection cycle
(cycle one). During collection, we have not extracted power from the source. That is vital. We
have not moved the gate through which our source is furnishing free energy. We have not
diminished our primary source. From our previous definitions of potential, we have indeed
extracted trapped energy from the primary source, because we placed its "local energy density"
across a certain finite collector/mass, instead of extracting power (dissipating energy inside the
source or battery to spoil its chemistry and deplete its charge separation).
All Energy Is Free
Here's the incredible truth. The entire universe is filled with mind boggling free energy
everywhere, in the simplest of things. Simply scrape your feet on the carpet, and you will collect
perhaps 2,000 "volts" on your body. At that time, hidden EM energy is flowing from every point
in the universe to your body, and from your body back to every point in the universe. We know
that all macroscopic matter is filled with stupendous amounts of electrical charge. So an
incredible river of energy -- a great flux -- is driving every single thing, from the smallest to the
largest. Opening a gate to extract trapped EM energy is simple. Just collect a bit of charge, or
scrape your feet hard, or comb your hair briskly. All we have to do is not be stupid and close the
gate once we've got it opened!
God has been most kind. We have nothing but free energy everywhere. All energy is furnished
to us freely! It's our own blindness that has made us into energy source killers. All we have to do
is open our eyes to the truth of nature's incredible energy bounty. We must just freely collect
that bountiful fruit from Nature's tree, instead of chopping down the tree and killing it.
In fairness we point out that, as the usage of free electrical energy mushrooms, we will be
dramatically increasing the low-level EM signal density of the environment, and that too is
biologically detrimental. Although beyond the scope of this paper, that cumulative biological
damage mechanism has also been uncovered by this author. A formal paper is presently in
preparation for presentation in March 1993 at the annual meeting and conference of the
Alabama Academy of Science.19 The paper will also present an entirely new definition of cancer,
give its exact long-term cumulative mechanism, and give an exact, scientifically proven
mechanism for eliminating cancer, leukemia, and other debilitating diseases such as AIDS. For
our purposes here, we simply state that we understand the EM "electronic smog" biological
damage mechanism, and how to go about developing a total counter for it. Eventually, we would
see a small "counter unit" added to each power unit, alleviating the "electronic smog" problem
and preventing biological damage.
Only Dissipate Energy From a Collector, Not the Source
Completion of the Collection Cycle: But to return to the completion of our collection cycle
(cycle one). During collection, we have not extracted power from the source. That is vital. We
have not moved the gate through which our source is furnishing free energy. We have not
diminished our primary source. From our previous definitions of potential, we have indeed
extracted trapped energy from the primary source, because we placed its "local energy density"
across a certain finite collector/mass, instead of extracting power (dissipating energy inside the
source or battery to spoil its chemistry and deplete its charge separation).
All Energy Is Free
Here's the incredible truth. The entire universe is filled with mind boggling free energy
everywhere, in the simplest of things. Simply scrape your feet on the carpet, and you will collect
perhaps 2,000 "volts" on your body. At that time, hidden EM energy is flowing from every point
in the universe to your body, and from your body back to every point in the universe. We know
that all macroscopic matter is filled with stupendous amounts of electrical charge. So an
incredible river of energy -- a great flux -- is driving every single thing, from the smallest to the
largest. Opening a gate to extract trapped EM energy is simple. Just collect a bit of charge, or
scrape your feet hard, or comb your hair briskly. All we have to do is not be stupid and close the
gate once we've got it opened!
God has been most kind. We have nothing but free energy everywhere. All energy is furnished
to us freely! It's our own blindness that has made us into energy source killers. All we have to do
is open our eyes to the truth of nature's incredible energy bounty. We must just freely collect
that bountiful fruit from Nature's tree, instead of chopping down the tree and killing it.
Dissipating The Collected Energy
Dissipating The Collected Energy
The Work Cycle: We focus again on cycle two. Shortly after the now-potentialized collector is
connected to the load at the beginning of cycle 2 (the power cycle, or energy dissipation cycle,
or work cycle), the potential gradient across the potentialized collector is connected
(transferred) across the free electrons in the load circuit. We assume that the material of the
collector and the switching time have been designed so that, shortly after switching to the
loading/work cycle, the activated/potentialized free electrons in the electron gas in the collector
reach the skin of the collector, and are free to move as current.
So just after the beginning of cycle two, each of the free electrons in the load circuit now is
potentialized and free to move down the wiring. Each potentialized (activated) electron has its
own little individual potential gradient across it and coupled to it, due to the overall potential
gradient from the collector. Remember, prior to coupling to charges, this potential gradient
moves through the circuit at light speed. An EM potential gradient coupled to a charged mass
constitutes an EM force field (excess trapped EM energy per coulomb, times the number of
collecting coulombs). Now each little free electron with its potential gradient forms a little E-field
(force/charge), and that little E-field (force/charge) is free to move. That's all it takes to move
(accelerate) the little activated electron's mass through the load (the scatterer). We strongly
stress that the potentialized/activated electron moves itself. It doesn't care whether or not the
external battery is attached or not. It is its own little motorboat, with its own little engine driving it.
As the little potentialized electrons reach the load (the scatterer), they bang and clang around in
there erratically. That is, the "scatterer" (load) causes spurious accelerations ("scatterings") of
these self-driven electrons. As is well-known, when a charge is accelerated, it radiates photons.
What actually happens is that these little "jerked around" electrons shuck off their little potential
gradients in the load (in the scatterer, or the "jerker-arounder") by emitting/radiating photons in
all directions. Hence the heat that is produced in the load; the heat is just these scattered
photons. The theory of calorimetry already states that all the excess energy (on the
potentialized electrons) will be dissipated as this heat (scattered EM energy).
When all the potentialized electrons have radiated away their potential gradients in the load
(scatterer), they are no longer potentialized. The free electron gas is again "quiescent" and no
longer potentialized/activated (again, we are talking about "on the average" from a classical
viewpoint).
The Work Cycle: We focus again on cycle two. Shortly after the now-potentialized collector is
connected to the load at the beginning of cycle 2 (the power cycle, or energy dissipation cycle,
or work cycle), the potential gradient across the potentialized collector is connected
(transferred) across the free electrons in the load circuit. We assume that the material of the
collector and the switching time have been designed so that, shortly after switching to the
loading/work cycle, the activated/potentialized free electrons in the electron gas in the collector
reach the skin of the collector, and are free to move as current.
So just after the beginning of cycle two, each of the free electrons in the load circuit now is
potentialized and free to move down the wiring. Each potentialized (activated) electron has its
own little individual potential gradient across it and coupled to it, due to the overall potential
gradient from the collector. Remember, prior to coupling to charges, this potential gradient
moves through the circuit at light speed. An EM potential gradient coupled to a charged mass
constitutes an EM force field (excess trapped EM energy per coulomb, times the number of
collecting coulombs). Now each little free electron with its potential gradient forms a little E-field
(force/charge), and that little E-field (force/charge) is free to move. That's all it takes to move
(accelerate) the little activated electron's mass through the load (the scatterer). We strongly
stress that the potentialized/activated electron moves itself. It doesn't care whether or not the
external battery is attached or not. It is its own little motorboat, with its own little engine driving it.
As the little potentialized electrons reach the load (the scatterer), they bang and clang around in
there erratically. That is, the "scatterer" (load) causes spurious accelerations ("scatterings") of
these self-driven electrons. As is well-known, when a charge is accelerated, it radiates photons.
What actually happens is that these little "jerked around" electrons shuck off their little potential
gradients in the load (in the scatterer, or the "jerker-arounder") by emitting/radiating photons in
all directions. Hence the heat that is produced in the load; the heat is just these scattered
photons. The theory of calorimetry already states that all the excess energy (on the
potentialized electrons) will be dissipated as this heat (scattered EM energy).
When all the potentialized electrons have radiated away their potential gradients in the load
(scatterer), they are no longer potentialized. The free electron gas is again "quiescent" and no
longer potentialized/activated (again, we are talking about "on the average" from a classical
viewpoint).
Repetition and Review
Notice What We've Done: We took some trapped EM energy density (a chunk of potential
gradient, a "voltage" before current flows) from the source, by switching that potential gradient
(energy density, which is joules per coulomb) onto a collector (containing a certain number of
coulombs of trapped charges) where the potential gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to
these temporarily non translating electrons. So the finite collector collected a finite amount of
excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting (trapped) coulombs] on its now-excited (activated)
free electrons. Then, before any current has yet flowed from the source, we switched that
potentialized collector (with its temporarily restrained but potentialized electrons; with their finite
amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from the source and directly across the load.
Shortly thereafter, the relaxation time in the collector expires. The potentialized electrons in the
collector are freed to move in the external load circuit, consisting of the collector and the load,
and so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to the erratic electron accelerations in
the load shake off the little potential gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in
all directions, which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their little
potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM energy).
Rigorously, we have extracted some energy in trapped form, and allowed it to dissipate in the
load, "powering the load" for a finite discharge/dissipation time and doing work.20 Contrary to the
conventional electrical power engineering, we have also done this without doing any work inside
the source to diminish its ability to furnish potential gradient.
gradient, a "voltage" before current flows) from the source, by switching that potential gradient
(energy density, which is joules per coulomb) onto a collector (containing a certain number of
coulombs of trapped charges) where the potential gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to
these temporarily non translating electrons. So the finite collector collected a finite amount of
excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting (trapped) coulombs] on its now-excited (activated)
free electrons. Then, before any current has yet flowed from the source, we switched that
potentialized collector (with its temporarily restrained but potentialized electrons; with their finite
amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from the source and directly across the load.
Shortly thereafter, the relaxation time in the collector expires. The potentialized electrons in the
collector are freed to move in the external load circuit, consisting of the collector and the load,
and so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to the erratic electron accelerations in
the load shake off the little potential gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in
all directions, which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their little
potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM energy).
Rigorously, we have extracted some energy in trapped form, and allowed it to dissipate in the
load, "powering the load" for a finite discharge/dissipation time and doing work.20 Contrary to the
conventional electrical power engineering, we have also done this without doing any work inside
the source to diminish its ability to furnish potential gradient.
What Is Energy In An Electric Circuit?
What Is Energy In An Electric Circuit?
Energy in an Electric Circuit: Here's the principle loud and clear. Energy in an electric circuit
involves only the potentialization and depotentialization of the electron carriers in that circuit.21 It
involves only the potential gradient (the joules per coulomb) collected by the circuit to
potentialize its electrons, and the number of coulombs of electrons that are potentialized during
the collection phase. Electric circuits simply utilize electrons as carriers of "potential gradients,"
from the source to the load, where these gradients and the activated electrons constitute excess
trapped EM energy. In the "shocking/scattering" occurring in the load, the jerking (acceleration)
of the electrons causes these activated (trapped-energy-carrying) electrons to shuck off their
potential gradients by emitting them as scattered photons (heat).
If one is thoughtless enough to allow the primary potential source to remain in the circuit during
the "work" phase, then one is using the potentialized electrons to also go back into the primary
source and scatter energy from its internal resistance (internal load), thereby disorganizing the
organization that was producing the source potential and energy in the first place. If one does
that, then all the while one is getting some work (scattering of energy) in the load, one is also
steadily getting some work done inside the primary source to steadily destroy it! Literally, one is
killing the goose that lays the golden eggs.
Continued Operations: But back to our circuit. After we complete one full collection/discharge
cycle, we wish to continue producing work in the external load. So we simply switch the collector
back away from the load and onto the primary source, collect some more current-free potential,
and again independently switch the collector with its repotentialized free electrons back across
the load. We can repeat this two-cycle process to potentialize the external load and power it as
long as we wish, from a battery or other source of potential, and never take any power at all
from the primary battery. We do not need to drain the battery or source at all, in order to power
a load, unless we attempt to power it directly. Powering the external load is always free!
Nature has been most kind, and we have been most ignorant. You can have all the trapped
electrical energy you wish, from any source of potential, for free . You can power all the external
loads you wish, for free, by using a collector as a secondary source, and simply shuttling
potential between the primary source and the collector.22 But you cannot have power for free
from (in) the potential source. If you allow current flow in your collection cycle, you are depleting
the separated charges inside the battery that are furnishing the source potential.
Energy in an Electric Circuit: Here's the principle loud and clear. Energy in an electric circuit
involves only the potentialization and depotentialization of the electron carriers in that circuit.21 It
involves only the potential gradient (the joules per coulomb) collected by the circuit to
potentialize its electrons, and the number of coulombs of electrons that are potentialized during
the collection phase. Electric circuits simply utilize electrons as carriers of "potential gradients,"
from the source to the load, where these gradients and the activated electrons constitute excess
trapped EM energy. In the "shocking/scattering" occurring in the load, the jerking (acceleration)
of the electrons causes these activated (trapped-energy-carrying) electrons to shuck off their
potential gradients by emitting them as scattered photons (heat).
If one is thoughtless enough to allow the primary potential source to remain in the circuit during
the "work" phase, then one is using the potentialized electrons to also go back into the primary
source and scatter energy from its internal resistance (internal load), thereby disorganizing the
organization that was producing the source potential and energy in the first place. If one does
that, then all the while one is getting some work (scattering of energy) in the load, one is also
steadily getting some work done inside the primary source to steadily destroy it! Literally, one is
killing the goose that lays the golden eggs.
Continued Operations: But back to our circuit. After we complete one full collection/discharge
cycle, we wish to continue producing work in the external load. So we simply switch the collector
back away from the load and onto the primary source, collect some more current-free potential,
and again independently switch the collector with its repotentialized free electrons back across
the load. We can repeat this two-cycle process to potentialize the external load and power it as
long as we wish, from a battery or other source of potential, and never take any power at all
from the primary battery. We do not need to drain the battery or source at all, in order to power
a load, unless we attempt to power it directly. Powering the external load is always free!
Nature has been most kind, and we have been most ignorant. You can have all the trapped
electrical energy you wish, from any source of potential, for free . You can power all the external
loads you wish, for free, by using a collector as a secondary source, and simply shuttling
potential between the primary source and the collector.22 But you cannot have power for free
from (in) the potential source. If you allow current flow in your collection cycle, you are depleting
the separated charges inside the battery that are furnishing the source potential.
The Coal-Fired Locomotive
The Coal-Fired Locomotive
Rigorous Analogy of a Coal-Fired Locomotive. Now here's an exact analogy, to assist in
understanding. Imagine a coal-fired train, and a fireman shoveling coal. He has an external
load/scatterer of energy (the fire in the firebox under the boiler). He has a primary source of
potential/energy (the coal car). No fireman in his right mind would ignite the coal in the chute of
the coal bin, to try and get some heat energy into the firebox! [That is, he would not attempt to
extract power from the source. Yet that's exactly what all we engineers are trained to do at
present.] Instead, the fireman takes out (collects) a finite amount (a shovelful) of coal (trapped
energy). Coal per se (the potential gradient) has a certain energy density per unit volume
(trapped joules per unit volume of coal) and the shovel (collector) has a certain volume.
Accordingly, the shovelful of coal contains a certain amount of trapped joules of energy. In the
fireman's shovel (the collector), the energy remains in totally trapped form, as coal not afire and
without its trapped energy being dissipated as work . [He doesn't act like a fool and ignite the
coal in the shovel either!] He then throws that shovel of coal (collected trapped energy) onto the
fire (scatterer), completely separately from the coal bin/source. He continues to repeat his
shoveling cycle, and each shovelful of coal added to the fire dissipates additional energy,
powering the load.
The Free Energy Principle
All potential gradient (trapped excess energy density) is free for the taking.23 The potential
is due to the violent VPF exchange between the vacuum and the separated bipolar charges
furnishing the source potential gradient. The energy of the entire universe is flowing through that
source potential. You can have as much of this internal VPF flux energy (potential) as you wish,
as often as you wish, so long as you don't demand current (which is power, or the rate at which
the energy is being freed and dissipated). It's really simple. You can have all the trapped energy
you wish, from any source. You cannot connect to the source and start to dissipate the energy
as power, however, without starting to close the "gate" from which your free trapped energy is
coming.
In other words, here's the iron rule: If you draw current, you kill the bipolarity gate
furnishing the potential gradient (source of energy density). In that case, you kill the
source. If you do not draw current, you do not kill the bipolarity gate and you do not shut
down the source. In that case, you can continue to "use" it and extract trapped EM
energy from it forever.
Rigorous Analogy of a Coal-Fired Locomotive. Now here's an exact analogy, to assist in
understanding. Imagine a coal-fired train, and a fireman shoveling coal. He has an external
load/scatterer of energy (the fire in the firebox under the boiler). He has a primary source of
potential/energy (the coal car). No fireman in his right mind would ignite the coal in the chute of
the coal bin, to try and get some heat energy into the firebox! [That is, he would not attempt to
extract power from the source. Yet that's exactly what all we engineers are trained to do at
present.] Instead, the fireman takes out (collects) a finite amount (a shovelful) of coal (trapped
energy). Coal per se (the potential gradient) has a certain energy density per unit volume
(trapped joules per unit volume of coal) and the shovel (collector) has a certain volume.
Accordingly, the shovelful of coal contains a certain amount of trapped joules of energy. In the
fireman's shovel (the collector), the energy remains in totally trapped form, as coal not afire and
without its trapped energy being dissipated as work . [He doesn't act like a fool and ignite the
coal in the shovel either!] He then throws that shovel of coal (collected trapped energy) onto the
fire (scatterer), completely separately from the coal bin/source. He continues to repeat his
shoveling cycle, and each shovelful of coal added to the fire dissipates additional energy,
powering the load.
The Free Energy Principle
All potential gradient (trapped excess energy density) is free for the taking.23 The potential
is due to the violent VPF exchange between the vacuum and the separated bipolar charges
furnishing the source potential gradient. The energy of the entire universe is flowing through that
source potential. You can have as much of this internal VPF flux energy (potential) as you wish,
as often as you wish, so long as you don't demand current (which is power, or the rate at which
the energy is being freed and dissipated). It's really simple. You can have all the trapped energy
you wish, from any source. You cannot connect to the source and start to dissipate the energy
as power, however, without starting to close the "gate" from which your free trapped energy is
coming.
In other words, here's the iron rule: If you draw current, you kill the bipolarity gate
furnishing the potential gradient (source of energy density). In that case, you kill the
source. If you do not draw current, you do not kill the bipolarity gate and you do not shut
down the source. In that case, you can continue to "use" it and extract trapped EM
energy from it forever.
Definitions Again
Definitions Again
Definitions: I'll put down some simple equations, that may help to explain it more exactly. First
we repeat some definitions.
Energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any
ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Static energy is an ordering (a
template) which is stationary with respect to the external observer. Dynamic energy is an
ordering (a template) which is not stationary with respect to the external observer.
Potential: Any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Scalar potential is an
ordering (template) that is not moving with respect to the external observer. Vector potential is
an ordering (template) that is moving with respect to the external observer.
The scalar EM potential is any static (with respect to the external observer) ordering imposed
upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Etc.
Note again that energy and potential have exactly the same definition. Potential is in fact
trapped energy. Scalar EM potential is static EM energy (to the external observer) or trapped
(collected) EM energy. In other words, if one takes off a differential of potential onto a fixed
number of coulombs, one takes off a certain magnitude of trapped EM energy. In other words,
one takes out a shovelful of coal from the coal car.
Definitions: I'll put down some simple equations, that may help to explain it more exactly. First
we repeat some definitions.
Energy is any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. EM energy is any
ordering imposed upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Static energy is an ordering (a
template) which is stationary with respect to the external observer. Dynamic energy is an
ordering (a template) which is not stationary with respect to the external observer.
Potential: Any ordering imposed upon the virtual particle flux of vacuum. Scalar potential is an
ordering (template) that is not moving with respect to the external observer. Vector potential is
an ordering (template) that is moving with respect to the external observer.
The scalar EM potential is any static (with respect to the external observer) ordering imposed
upon the virtual photon flux of vacuum. Etc.
Note again that energy and potential have exactly the same definition. Potential is in fact
trapped energy. Scalar EM potential is static EM energy (to the external observer) or trapped
(collected) EM energy. In other words, if one takes off a differential of potential onto a fixed
number of coulombs, one takes off a certain magnitude of trapped EM energy. In other words,
one takes out a shovelful of coal from the coal car.
Importance of Separation of Charges
Importance of Separation of Charges
We Must Not Dispel the Separation of Charges In Our Source: The difference in our coalfired
train analogy and our electrical circuit is that, in the coal train, the coal in the coal car is not
automatically and continually replenished. Also, the coal in the coal car has already been
collected by the mass of the coal car, so it is not infinite. In the electrical circuit, the potential
gradient in the primary source is continually replenished, automatically, and it is infinite (though
it has a finite energy density). The reason is simple. EM potential (in the normal sense) is
actually a virtual photon flux exchange between the vacuum (the entire vacuum, all over the
universe) and a charged particle or collection of charged particles.24 Thus the potential
(gradient) is a powerful energy flux, pumped by the vacuum and the entire universe, that
continues automatically, so long as we do not allow the collected charges in our bipolarity
source to be dissipated. In terms of a battery, we achieved separation of charges inside the
battery by chemical action, and we paid for that initially. Once separated, the charges
essentially stay separated (because of the chemistry) unless we foolishly do something to
dissipate them, such as upsetting the chemistry, so they are no longer separated positive from
negative. So if we don't do anything to these separated charges, they continue to be driven by
their fierce exchange of virtual photon flux with the vacuum/universe. If we then simply extract
some of that flux exchange, without moving the charges, we are directly "gating" trapped EM
energy from the vacuum/charged particle VPF exchange.25
The Potential Is Infinite And So Is Its Energy Content
You Can't Dip The Ocean Dry With a Spoon: Let's say that another way. The charged
particles in our potential source are in a constant, seething, equilibrium exchange of trapped EM
energy with the entire universe. That energy exchange is so enormous that, if we gate some of
it out to collect on some other "temporarily frozen" charges and potentialize/activate them, the
vacuum flux doesn't even miss it. It's like dipping a spoonful of water out of the restless ocean.
The hole is instantly filled, and the water replenished. We can dip with that spoon as much as
we wish, and the ocean will never run dry, but will simply continue to furnish us water, spoonful
by spoonful.
The same is true in our electric circuits. We can have all the potential (trapped EM energy
density) we wish, for free, from a single source, so long as we do not allow work to be done
inside the source to close off our "gate" and kill our primary source.
We Must Not Dispel the Separation of Charges In Our Source: The difference in our coalfired
train analogy and our electrical circuit is that, in the coal train, the coal in the coal car is not
automatically and continually replenished. Also, the coal in the coal car has already been
collected by the mass of the coal car, so it is not infinite. In the electrical circuit, the potential
gradient in the primary source is continually replenished, automatically, and it is infinite (though
it has a finite energy density). The reason is simple. EM potential (in the normal sense) is
actually a virtual photon flux exchange between the vacuum (the entire vacuum, all over the
universe) and a charged particle or collection of charged particles.24 Thus the potential
(gradient) is a powerful energy flux, pumped by the vacuum and the entire universe, that
continues automatically, so long as we do not allow the collected charges in our bipolarity
source to be dissipated. In terms of a battery, we achieved separation of charges inside the
battery by chemical action, and we paid for that initially. Once separated, the charges
essentially stay separated (because of the chemistry) unless we foolishly do something to
dissipate them, such as upsetting the chemistry, so they are no longer separated positive from
negative. So if we don't do anything to these separated charges, they continue to be driven by
their fierce exchange of virtual photon flux with the vacuum/universe. If we then simply extract
some of that flux exchange, without moving the charges, we are directly "gating" trapped EM
energy from the vacuum/charged particle VPF exchange.25
The Potential Is Infinite And So Is Its Energy Content
You Can't Dip The Ocean Dry With a Spoon: Let's say that another way. The charged
particles in our potential source are in a constant, seething, equilibrium exchange of trapped EM
energy with the entire universe. That energy exchange is so enormous that, if we gate some of
it out to collect on some other "temporarily frozen" charges and potentialize/activate them, the
vacuum flux doesn't even miss it. It's like dipping a spoonful of water out of the restless ocean.
The hole is instantly filled, and the water replenished. We can dip with that spoon as much as
we wish, and the ocean will never run dry, but will simply continue to furnish us water, spoonful
by spoonful.
The same is true in our electric circuits. We can have all the potential (trapped EM energy
density) we wish, for free, from a single source, so long as we do not allow work to be done
inside the source to close off our "gate" and kill our primary source.
The Twisted Concept of Voltage
Before We Develop Some Pseudo-Equations: In the equations we wish to develop, we have
one problem, due to the lack of insight of conventional electrical physicists. That is, they have
insisted upon "measuring" and expressing both the infinite potential (nondissipated) and a
certain quantity of potential (dissipated) in volts . So they say "a potential of so many volts."
That's nonsense, and totally erroneous. Rigorously, a voltage is a drop or a dissipation of so
much (a finite amount of) collected excess potential/energy. You "measure" the voltage in a
voltmeter by impressing a potential gradient upon the electron gas in the circuitry, wherein you
collect or get in your voltmeter so much [(joules/coulomb) x coulombs]. A tiny current
(coulombs/second) from this internal collection then flows for a finite time through the resistance
of the voltmeter. So you dissipate (joules/coulomb) x (coulombs/second) x (seconds), which
gives a certain amount of energy dissipated as work in moving the needle of the voltmeter. The
voltmeter is calibrated so that it effectively indicates the collected energy per coulomb that was
dissipated, and it calls that entity voltage. It involves a finite amount of energy that has already
been dissipated as work, and it's a measure of the local energy density of the potential in terms
of joules/coulomb. It is not a measure of the potential proper. It's after the fact; the extracted
(collected) potential gradient it actually refers to existed in the past, before the work (dissipation
of the collected trapped energy) was done. To refer to the potential before its dissipation as
"voltage" is precisely the same as confusing the future with the past. A "potential (difference) of
so many volts" is actually a statement that "a potential difference of so much energy per
coulomb" could be dissipated in a load, if it were connected to the load so that a finite amount of
energy was collected, and this finite load-collection was allowed to dissipate as power
(volts/coulomb x coulomb/sec) for a finite time, yielding work. It's even worse, but it would take a
textbook to straighten out this one error in EM theory.
So we'll leave it at that, and we'll adapt the notion of potential the way it is corrupted in electrical
circuit theory. There it's used not really as energy, but rather as excess energy per coulomb of
potentialized charge . I apologize for that difficulty, which is not of my own making, but I must
use the conventional notion if we are to greatly clarify the pseudo equations.
one problem, due to the lack of insight of conventional electrical physicists. That is, they have
insisted upon "measuring" and expressing both the infinite potential (nondissipated) and a
certain quantity of potential (dissipated) in volts . So they say "a potential of so many volts."
That's nonsense, and totally erroneous. Rigorously, a voltage is a drop or a dissipation of so
much (a finite amount of) collected excess potential/energy. You "measure" the voltage in a
voltmeter by impressing a potential gradient upon the electron gas in the circuitry, wherein you
collect or get in your voltmeter so much [(joules/coulomb) x coulombs]. A tiny current
(coulombs/second) from this internal collection then flows for a finite time through the resistance
of the voltmeter. So you dissipate (joules/coulomb) x (coulombs/second) x (seconds), which
gives a certain amount of energy dissipated as work in moving the needle of the voltmeter. The
voltmeter is calibrated so that it effectively indicates the collected energy per coulomb that was
dissipated, and it calls that entity voltage. It involves a finite amount of energy that has already
been dissipated as work, and it's a measure of the local energy density of the potential in terms
of joules/coulomb. It is not a measure of the potential proper. It's after the fact; the extracted
(collected) potential gradient it actually refers to existed in the past, before the work (dissipation
of the collected trapped energy) was done. To refer to the potential before its dissipation as
"voltage" is precisely the same as confusing the future with the past. A "potential (difference) of
so many volts" is actually a statement that "a potential difference of so much energy per
coulomb" could be dissipated in a load, if it were connected to the load so that a finite amount of
energy was collected, and this finite load-collection was allowed to dissipate as power
(volts/coulomb x coulomb/sec) for a finite time, yielding work. It's even worse, but it would take a
textbook to straighten out this one error in EM theory.
So we'll leave it at that, and we'll adapt the notion of potential the way it is corrupted in electrical
circuit theory. There it's used not really as energy, but rather as excess energy per coulomb of
potentialized charge . I apologize for that difficulty, which is not of my own making, but I must
use the conventional notion if we are to greatly clarify the pseudo equations.
The Equations of Free Energy
The Pseudo-Equations: Let us use the following subscripts and letter convention, and develop
the nomenclature needed:
T = trapped d = dissipated or dissipating
m = translated (moving) K = energy
V = volts = potential drop (potential dissipated) = previously collected potential radiated away as
heat in a load, doing work on the load in the process. Unfortunately, we shall also have to speak
of a potential gradient that is not being dissipated, so we shall have to speak of "trapped volts"
which is erroneous, but complies with the common usage.
φ = electrostatic scalar potential. Coul = coulombs
i = amperes = Dissipating potentialized coulombs per second flowing, so amps are something
translating, always. Amps are excited coulombs, per second, that are dissipating their excitation.
With superconductivity excluded, you only have amps when you have a potential drop across a
load. So we will speak of amps as "dissipating," meaning that potentialized electrons are
traveling through a load, dissipating their activation (gradients) in the load by radiating scattered
photons (heat).
n = number of electrons in a coulomb = 6.3 x 1018 electrons/coulomb
Here are the pseudo equations (superconductivity is excluded):
ampm = could/sec = n electronsm/sec = n electronsd/sec [1]
Δφ = VT (as conventionally referred to). It would be volts if all [2] of it were dissipated, but it is not
yet dissipated, so it is sort of "trapped volts". Erroneous, but the common use. So we will speak
(somewhat distastefully) of "trapped volts" and "dissipated volts."
Vd x ampd x sec = watts x sec = power x time = work = Kd [3]
Vd x could/sec x sec = (work) = Kd [4]
In the switching, we switch KT to Kd so
KT ⇒ Kd [5]
But VT x coulT = KT [6]
Or
[VT] = [KT] / [coulT] = trapped energy/trapped coulomb [7]
[KT] = [VT] x [coulT] = amount of trapped energy, each cycle [8]
So that's what we were getting at. The amount of trapped energy you can transfer (in other
words, how much coal you get in one shovelful) depends upon the number of trapped electrons
you have in the trapped free electron gas in the collector, and the potential gradient you apply to
those trapped coulombs to potentialize them.
the nomenclature needed:
T = trapped d = dissipated or dissipating
m = translated (moving) K = energy
V = volts = potential drop (potential dissipated) = previously collected potential radiated away as
heat in a load, doing work on the load in the process. Unfortunately, we shall also have to speak
of a potential gradient that is not being dissipated, so we shall have to speak of "trapped volts"
which is erroneous, but complies with the common usage.
φ = electrostatic scalar potential. Coul = coulombs
i = amperes = Dissipating potentialized coulombs per second flowing, so amps are something
translating, always. Amps are excited coulombs, per second, that are dissipating their excitation.
With superconductivity excluded, you only have amps when you have a potential drop across a
load. So we will speak of amps as "dissipating," meaning that potentialized electrons are
traveling through a load, dissipating their activation (gradients) in the load by radiating scattered
photons (heat).
n = number of electrons in a coulomb = 6.3 x 1018 electrons/coulomb
Here are the pseudo equations (superconductivity is excluded):
ampm = could/sec = n electronsm/sec = n electronsd/sec [1]
Δφ = VT (as conventionally referred to). It would be volts if all [2] of it were dissipated, but it is not
yet dissipated, so it is sort of "trapped volts". Erroneous, but the common use. So we will speak
(somewhat distastefully) of "trapped volts" and "dissipated volts."
Vd x ampd x sec = watts x sec = power x time = work = Kd [3]
Vd x could/sec x sec = (work) = Kd [4]
In the switching, we switch KT to Kd so
KT ⇒ Kd [5]
But VT x coulT = KT [6]
Or
[VT] = [KT] / [coulT] = trapped energy/trapped coulomb [7]
[KT] = [VT] x [coulT] = amount of trapped energy, each cycle [8]
So that's what we were getting at. The amount of trapped energy you can transfer (in other
words, how much coal you get in one shovelful) depends upon the number of trapped electrons
you have in the trapped free electron gas in the collector, and the potential gradient you apply to
those trapped coulombs to potentialize them.
Relaxation Time and Semiconductors
Relaxation Time: The time it takes for the free electrons in a conductor (or material) to reach
the skin of the wire after potential is applied, is, of course, called the relaxation time. During that
time, the free electrons in the gas are "trapped" insofar as producing current (dissipation of the
potential) is concerned. However, immediately after the relaxation time ends, current begins and
dissipation of the trapped energy begins.
In copper, the relaxation time is incredibly rapid. It's about 1.5 x 10-19 sec. However, in quartz it
is about 10 days! So as you can see, we need to get somewhere in between these two values,
and so we will have to "mix" or "dope" materials. We must get a sufficiently long relaxation time
so that we can switch and collect comfortably in cycle one, then switch into cycle two for
dispersion of the freely collected energy in the collector. However, the relaxation time we get
must also be short enough to allow quick discharge in the load, as soon as we switch the
primary source away from the collector. Actually, we need a degenerate semiconductor material
instead of plain copper.
Degenerate Semiconductor Material: A semiconductor material is intermediate between a
good conductor and an insulator. It's a nonlinear material, and doped. A degenerate
semiconductor material is one which has all its conduction bands filled with electrons, and so it
thinks it is a conductor. That is, a degenerate semiconductor is essentially a doped conductor,
so to speak. As you can see, we can increase the relaxation time in our "conductors" connected
to the source by making them of degenerate semiconductor material. What we're talking about
is "doping" the copper in the wire, and in the collector, so that we can have plenty of time to
collect, and switch, and discharge, and switch, and collect, etc.
Now in a doped conductor (degenerate semiconductor), we can tailor the relaxation time by
tailoring the doping. We must dope the copper before we make the wire. Why would we wish to
do that? We want to overcome the single problem that so far has defeated almost all the
"overunity" researchers and inventors.
WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A SOURCE, YOU CAN ONLY EXTRACT CURRENT-FREE
POTENTIAL -- FREE "TRAPPED EM ENERGY" -- DURING THE ELECTRON RELAXATION
TIME IN THE CONNECTING CONDUCTORS AND SUCCEEDING CIRCUIT COMPONENTS.
AFTER THAT, YOU'RE STEADILY EXTRACTING POWER, AND THE ENERGY EXTRACTED
FROM THE SOURCE IS BEING PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE RESISTANCE/LOADING
OF THE CIRCUIT, AND PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE
SOURCE. IN THE LATTER DISSIPATION, YOU'RE ALSO DISSIPATING YOUR SOURCE BY
DOING WORK ON IT INTERNALLY TO KILL IT.
Good Copper Wire: Bane of Overunity Inventors: Many destitute inventors, tinkering and
fiddling with overunity devices, finally get something (a circuit or device) that does yield more
work out than they had to input. At that point, they usually conclude that it's simply the specific
circuit configuration and its conventional functioning that produces the overunity work. However,
usually as soon as this configuration is more carefully built with very good materials, boom! It
isn't overunity anymore. The inventors and their assistants then desperately bang and clang
away, getting more frustrated as the years pass. The investors get mad, sue for fraud, or get in
all sorts of squabbles. The scientists who tested it and found it wanting, pooh-pooh the whole
thing as a scam and a fraud, or just a seriously mistaken inventor. Scratch one more "overunity"
device.
Most of these inventors got their successful effect (and possibly erratically) when they were
struggling with inferior, usually old, usually corroded materials. Actually, the more inferior, the
better. The more contaminated/doped, the better!
The moment you wire up your circuit with good copper wire connected between the battery or
primary source and any kind of load including the distributed circuitry loading itself, you can
forget about overunity. You will lose it in the copper, after the first 1.5 x 10-19 second!
Think of a really good conductor such as copper as an essentially linear material. Linear means
energy conservative. Overunity can only be done with a highly nonlinear effect. So your
"conductors" have to be made of nonlinear materials. In fact, they have to be made of
degenerate semiconductor material. For the type of circuitry we are talking about, the copper
has to be doped and then made into "doped copper" wiring. You also have to utilize the primary
battery only to potentialize a collector (secondary battery/source), and then use this secondary
battery source to conventionally power the load while also killing itself.
The Wiring And the Collector Must Be of Degenerate Semiconductor (DSC) Material.26 A
good materials scientist/engineer, together with a decent electrodynamicist, can readily design
and tailor some doped copper wiring so that the material in the wiring is a degenerate
semiconductor material, with a target (desired) relaxation time. That's what you should use to
make the wiring to connect up your source to the collector with, and that type of material is also
what you use in your collector. You can use either a coil or a capacitor as the collector, but its
"conductive" material has to be degenerate semiconductor material -- in short, it must be doped
to have the proper relaxation time. From the collector to the load, however, obviously you want
to use a good conductor material. Ordinary copper will do nicely there.
Once you do that, you're in business. When making the DSC material, simply tailor the
relaxation time to something which is easily switched. For example, take one millisec. With a
relaxation time of that long, switching is easy. In fact, one could even use good mechanical
switching. Or easily use inexpensive ordinary solid state switching, without having to go all the
way to nanosecond switching.
Then, in the collector, you calculate the number of "trapped coulombs" you have. Take the
"trapped voltage" (current-free potential's energy density per coulomb) you extract from the
source during the electron relaxation time after the collector is connected. Multiply the number
of trapped coulombs in the collector by the trapped voltage during collection, and you have the
amount of energy in joules that you extract FOR FREE, without paying for it, from the source
during every collection cycle.
the skin of the wire after potential is applied, is, of course, called the relaxation time. During that
time, the free electrons in the gas are "trapped" insofar as producing current (dissipation of the
potential) is concerned. However, immediately after the relaxation time ends, current begins and
dissipation of the trapped energy begins.
In copper, the relaxation time is incredibly rapid. It's about 1.5 x 10-19 sec. However, in quartz it
is about 10 days! So as you can see, we need to get somewhere in between these two values,
and so we will have to "mix" or "dope" materials. We must get a sufficiently long relaxation time
so that we can switch and collect comfortably in cycle one, then switch into cycle two for
dispersion of the freely collected energy in the collector. However, the relaxation time we get
must also be short enough to allow quick discharge in the load, as soon as we switch the
primary source away from the collector. Actually, we need a degenerate semiconductor material
instead of plain copper.
Degenerate Semiconductor Material: A semiconductor material is intermediate between a
good conductor and an insulator. It's a nonlinear material, and doped. A degenerate
semiconductor material is one which has all its conduction bands filled with electrons, and so it
thinks it is a conductor. That is, a degenerate semiconductor is essentially a doped conductor,
so to speak. As you can see, we can increase the relaxation time in our "conductors" connected
to the source by making them of degenerate semiconductor material. What we're talking about
is "doping" the copper in the wire, and in the collector, so that we can have plenty of time to
collect, and switch, and discharge, and switch, and collect, etc.
Now in a doped conductor (degenerate semiconductor), we can tailor the relaxation time by
tailoring the doping. We must dope the copper before we make the wire. Why would we wish to
do that? We want to overcome the single problem that so far has defeated almost all the
"overunity" researchers and inventors.
WHEN YOU CONNECT TO A SOURCE, YOU CAN ONLY EXTRACT CURRENT-FREE
POTENTIAL -- FREE "TRAPPED EM ENERGY" -- DURING THE ELECTRON RELAXATION
TIME IN THE CONNECTING CONDUCTORS AND SUCCEEDING CIRCUIT COMPONENTS.
AFTER THAT, YOU'RE STEADILY EXTRACTING POWER, AND THE ENERGY EXTRACTED
FROM THE SOURCE IS BEING PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE RESISTANCE/LOADING
OF THE CIRCUIT, AND PARTIALLY DISSIPATED IN THE INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE
SOURCE. IN THE LATTER DISSIPATION, YOU'RE ALSO DISSIPATING YOUR SOURCE BY
DOING WORK ON IT INTERNALLY TO KILL IT.
Good Copper Wire: Bane of Overunity Inventors: Many destitute inventors, tinkering and
fiddling with overunity devices, finally get something (a circuit or device) that does yield more
work out than they had to input. At that point, they usually conclude that it's simply the specific
circuit configuration and its conventional functioning that produces the overunity work. However,
usually as soon as this configuration is more carefully built with very good materials, boom! It
isn't overunity anymore. The inventors and their assistants then desperately bang and clang
away, getting more frustrated as the years pass. The investors get mad, sue for fraud, or get in
all sorts of squabbles. The scientists who tested it and found it wanting, pooh-pooh the whole
thing as a scam and a fraud, or just a seriously mistaken inventor. Scratch one more "overunity"
device.
Most of these inventors got their successful effect (and possibly erratically) when they were
struggling with inferior, usually old, usually corroded materials. Actually, the more inferior, the
better. The more contaminated/doped, the better!
The moment you wire up your circuit with good copper wire connected between the battery or
primary source and any kind of load including the distributed circuitry loading itself, you can
forget about overunity. You will lose it in the copper, after the first 1.5 x 10-19 second!
Think of a really good conductor such as copper as an essentially linear material. Linear means
energy conservative. Overunity can only be done with a highly nonlinear effect. So your
"conductors" have to be made of nonlinear materials. In fact, they have to be made of
degenerate semiconductor material. For the type of circuitry we are talking about, the copper
has to be doped and then made into "doped copper" wiring. You also have to utilize the primary
battery only to potentialize a collector (secondary battery/source), and then use this secondary
battery source to conventionally power the load while also killing itself.
The Wiring And the Collector Must Be of Degenerate Semiconductor (DSC) Material.26 A
good materials scientist/engineer, together with a decent electrodynamicist, can readily design
and tailor some doped copper wiring so that the material in the wiring is a degenerate
semiconductor material, with a target (desired) relaxation time. That's what you should use to
make the wiring to connect up your source to the collector with, and that type of material is also
what you use in your collector. You can use either a coil or a capacitor as the collector, but its
"conductive" material has to be degenerate semiconductor material -- in short, it must be doped
to have the proper relaxation time. From the collector to the load, however, obviously you want
to use a good conductor material. Ordinary copper will do nicely there.
Once you do that, you're in business. When making the DSC material, simply tailor the
relaxation time to something which is easily switched. For example, take one millisec. With a
relaxation time of that long, switching is easy. In fact, one could even use good mechanical
switching. Or easily use inexpensive ordinary solid state switching, without having to go all the
way to nanosecond switching.
Then, in the collector, you calculate the number of "trapped coulombs" you have. Take the
"trapped voltage" (current-free potential's energy density per coulomb) you extract from the
source during the electron relaxation time after the collector is connected. Multiply the number
of trapped coulombs in the collector by the trapped voltage during collection, and you have the
amount of energy in joules that you extract FOR FREE, without paying for it, from the source
during every collection cycle.
Sources, Collectors, and Power
Tapping Vacuum Energy. You're getting the excess electrical energy directly from the vacuum,
as we briefly pointed out above. The vacuum will freely replenish all the "trapped voltage" you
extract from the primary source during the electron relaxation time. It won't replenish a single bit
of "dissipated voltage" (power) you extract from the source.
Note that the same considerations apply in the collector. It's got to have a somewhat longer
electron relaxation time. Its electrons stay "unrelaxed" during the collection cycle, and allow for
some additional switching time to connect to the load. The "trapped voltage" across the collector
multiplied by the number of trapped coulombs in it, gives the number of joules of FREE EM
ENERGY you extract and get into and onto the collector (the shovel). In other words, that's your
"shovelful of coal." You then throw the "shovelful" onto the fire/load -- you simply disconnect the
collector from the primary source and connect it across the external load. The collector
(secondary battery) now powers the load and its own internal resistance, "killing" itself while
furnishing the energy for powering the external load as well.
The Source Can Be Almost Anything: You can use as a source a simple elevated wire, to
"tap" potential from the 200-300 volts/meter between earth and ionosphere. Here again, you
need to utilize calibrated, doped wire.
Finally, you must adjust the repetition switching in accordance with the discharge time through
the load. In other words, you have a serial process as follows:
(1) extract trapped energy (potential) from the source onto the collector, Δt1.
(2) Switch the collector off the source, onto the load, during time Δt2.
(3) Wait while the collected energy in the collector discharges through the load, during time Δt3.
(4) Switch the collector back off the load and onto the potential source, during time Δt4. That
completes one cycle.
The serial timing simply is [Δt1 + Δt2 + Δt3 + Δt4].
If you balance all the doping and the materials design, and correlate the switching, you can get
all the free energy you wish. Properly utilized, a single car battery can be used to power an
electric automobile indefinitely. Or even to power a battleship. In the real world, of course, you
will inevitably have a tiny bit of loss as you go, because there's a finite (though high) resistance
between the two poles of your battery. Handling that is a piece of cake. Simply run a separate
little collection circuit to collect a little bit of trapped EM energy from the slowly leaking source,
and ever so often feed the collected energy back into the battery as power, to "reseparate" the
charges (charge the battery) and replace the small amount of the primary source's potential
gradient that has been lost. The battery, load, and "trickle charger" then become a closed-circuit
free-energy source that will last for years and years.
Limited Only By One's Imagination: Of course you can see many variants; this is just the
"master key." You can have multiple collectors, collecting trapped energy simultaneously or in
sequence off a single source, and pooling their collected energy to more powerfully power the
load. You can utilize a very high "voltage", such as in the Swiss electrostatic overunity device, to
increase the energy collected per coulomb in each switching (in each shovelful) in accord with
equation [8]. For a battery, you can set a separate little collector/load device to trickle-charge
the battery, overcoming the small normal "leakage current" that does occur in batteries and in
real circuits and devices. The opportunities are endless. You can put in a unit to take mostly
only power-free energy from the "power line" feeding your business or home, reducing your
utility bill by -- say -- 90%. Or you can simply build a small home power unit to do the whole job,
for only a few hundred dollars. This simple secret can be used to power the world, cheaply and
cleanly, and to clean up the biosphere.
as we briefly pointed out above. The vacuum will freely replenish all the "trapped voltage" you
extract from the primary source during the electron relaxation time. It won't replenish a single bit
of "dissipated voltage" (power) you extract from the source.
Note that the same considerations apply in the collector. It's got to have a somewhat longer
electron relaxation time. Its electrons stay "unrelaxed" during the collection cycle, and allow for
some additional switching time to connect to the load. The "trapped voltage" across the collector
multiplied by the number of trapped coulombs in it, gives the number of joules of FREE EM
ENERGY you extract and get into and onto the collector (the shovel). In other words, that's your
"shovelful of coal." You then throw the "shovelful" onto the fire/load -- you simply disconnect the
collector from the primary source and connect it across the external load. The collector
(secondary battery) now powers the load and its own internal resistance, "killing" itself while
furnishing the energy for powering the external load as well.
The Source Can Be Almost Anything: You can use as a source a simple elevated wire, to
"tap" potential from the 200-300 volts/meter between earth and ionosphere. Here again, you
need to utilize calibrated, doped wire.
Finally, you must adjust the repetition switching in accordance with the discharge time through
the load. In other words, you have a serial process as follows:
(1) extract trapped energy (potential) from the source onto the collector, Δt1.
(2) Switch the collector off the source, onto the load, during time Δt2.
(3) Wait while the collected energy in the collector discharges through the load, during time Δt3.
(4) Switch the collector back off the load and onto the potential source, during time Δt4. That
completes one cycle.
The serial timing simply is [Δt1 + Δt2 + Δt3 + Δt4].
If you balance all the doping and the materials design, and correlate the switching, you can get
all the free energy you wish. Properly utilized, a single car battery can be used to power an
electric automobile indefinitely. Or even to power a battleship. In the real world, of course, you
will inevitably have a tiny bit of loss as you go, because there's a finite (though high) resistance
between the two poles of your battery. Handling that is a piece of cake. Simply run a separate
little collection circuit to collect a little bit of trapped EM energy from the slowly leaking source,
and ever so often feed the collected energy back into the battery as power, to "reseparate" the
charges (charge the battery) and replace the small amount of the primary source's potential
gradient that has been lost. The battery, load, and "trickle charger" then become a closed-circuit
free-energy source that will last for years and years.
Limited Only By One's Imagination: Of course you can see many variants; this is just the
"master key." You can have multiple collectors, collecting trapped energy simultaneously or in
sequence off a single source, and pooling their collected energy to more powerfully power the
load. You can utilize a very high "voltage", such as in the Swiss electrostatic overunity device, to
increase the energy collected per coulomb in each switching (in each shovelful) in accord with
equation [8]. For a battery, you can set a separate little collector/load device to trickle-charge
the battery, overcoming the small normal "leakage current" that does occur in batteries and in
real circuits and devices. The opportunities are endless. You can put in a unit to take mostly
only power-free energy from the "power line" feeding your business or home, reducing your
utility bill by -- say -- 90%. Or you can simply build a small home power unit to do the whole job,
for only a few hundred dollars. This simple secret can be used to power the world, cheaply and
cleanly, and to clean up the biosphere.
Conclusion
Well, there you have it. I've given you the benefit of what required most of my adult life to
discover. The definitions advanced in this paper are rigorous. It took years of sweat and tears to
come up with them. They're simple, but they will change your entire understanding of
electromagnetics, power, and energy once you grasp them. Please read them, and ponder
them, several times. One or two readings will not be sufficient to fully grasp what is said here.
Also, hopefully, by this time, the reader is beginning to experience the same emotions as I
experienced when I finally discovered how simple it all really was. First one wants to laugh for
about two hours at how truly ignorant we've all been. Then one wants to cry for about two hours
for the same reason. This could all have been done a century ago, if we had ever really
understood electromagnetics.
We've had this electromagnetics around for over 100 years -- Maxwell's book was published in
1873. We got it wrong, starting right with Maxwell and his use of the material ether, which was
almost universally assumed at the time. Still, by using quaternions, Maxwell succeeded in
packing a great deal more in the model than even he himself recognized. When the vector
aspects interacted to form a zero resultant translationally, those active interactants were still in
there and still fighting and interacting. The scalar component of the quaternion remained, and
infolded those struggling vectors and functions of them inside itself. In short, it captured the
case where the electromagnetic energies are involved in translation actions which nullify each
other translationally (electromagnetically). However, the energies are still in there in the
continuing interactants inside the zero vector resultant. As such, they are trapped EM energy.
And it is the trapped EM energy inside a mass -- not the mass per se -- which is responsible for
gravitation. In other words, Maxwell's theory already correctly captured the unification of the
gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in 1873.
Then Heaviside et al forced Maxwell's theory into a vector framework, throwing out the scalar
component, and discarding the unification of gravitation and electromagnetics along with it.
Serious errors were made and still exist in many of the fundamental definitions; in fact, many of
them aren't definitions at all. Nearly every engineer and physicist can readily calculate potentials
-- all, of course, on the "dissipation" side where the potentials are actually the amount of
potential that was collected upon a collector and then dissipated. I could find hardly a single
physicist who really knew what a scalar potential was prior to a finite amount being collected
and dissipated as voltage. Yet 99% of them firmly believed they understood the potential.
So now you have the results of this researcher's long and arduous quest for the golden fleece.
Please go forward with it, to make this a better and cleaner world for everyone.
Just remember that the control and use of energy is personal power. The control and use of
absolute energy is the control and use of absolute personal power. In the old adage, power
corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
Please use it wisely.
discover. The definitions advanced in this paper are rigorous. It took years of sweat and tears to
come up with them. They're simple, but they will change your entire understanding of
electromagnetics, power, and energy once you grasp them. Please read them, and ponder
them, several times. One or two readings will not be sufficient to fully grasp what is said here.
Also, hopefully, by this time, the reader is beginning to experience the same emotions as I
experienced when I finally discovered how simple it all really was. First one wants to laugh for
about two hours at how truly ignorant we've all been. Then one wants to cry for about two hours
for the same reason. This could all have been done a century ago, if we had ever really
understood electromagnetics.
We've had this electromagnetics around for over 100 years -- Maxwell's book was published in
1873. We got it wrong, starting right with Maxwell and his use of the material ether, which was
almost universally assumed at the time. Still, by using quaternions, Maxwell succeeded in
packing a great deal more in the model than even he himself recognized. When the vector
aspects interacted to form a zero resultant translationally, those active interactants were still in
there and still fighting and interacting. The scalar component of the quaternion remained, and
infolded those struggling vectors and functions of them inside itself. In short, it captured the
case where the electromagnetic energies are involved in translation actions which nullify each
other translationally (electromagnetically). However, the energies are still in there in the
continuing interactants inside the zero vector resultant. As such, they are trapped EM energy.
And it is the trapped EM energy inside a mass -- not the mass per se -- which is responsible for
gravitation. In other words, Maxwell's theory already correctly captured the unification of the
gravitational field and the electromagnetic field in 1873.
Then Heaviside et al forced Maxwell's theory into a vector framework, throwing out the scalar
component, and discarding the unification of gravitation and electromagnetics along with it.
Serious errors were made and still exist in many of the fundamental definitions; in fact, many of
them aren't definitions at all. Nearly every engineer and physicist can readily calculate potentials
-- all, of course, on the "dissipation" side where the potentials are actually the amount of
potential that was collected upon a collector and then dissipated. I could find hardly a single
physicist who really knew what a scalar potential was prior to a finite amount being collected
and dissipated as voltage. Yet 99% of them firmly believed they understood the potential.
So now you have the results of this researcher's long and arduous quest for the golden fleece.
Please go forward with it, to make this a better and cleaner world for everyone.
Just remember that the control and use of energy is personal power. The control and use of
absolute energy is the control and use of absolute personal power. In the old adage, power
corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely.
Please use it wisely.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1. For a good discussion of the modern quantum mechanical view of the vacuum, see I. J. R.
Aitchison, "Nothing's plenty: the vacuum in modern field theory," Contemporary Physics, 26(4),
1985, p. 333-391. See also T. D. Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory,
Harwood Academic Publishers, New York, 1981 -- particularly Chapter 16, "Vacuum as the
source of asymmetry." See Timothy Boyer, "The classical vacuum," Scientific American, Aug.
1985, p. 70; Walter Greiner and Joseph Hamilton, "Is the Vacuum really Empty?", American
Scientist, Mar.-Apr. 1980, p. 154; Jack S. Greenberg and Walter Greiner, "Search for the
sparking of the vacuum," Physics Today, Aug. 1982, p. 24-32; Richard E. Prange and Peter
Strance, "The superconducting vacuum," American Journal of Physics, 52(1), Jan. 1984, p. 19-
21; R. Jackiw and J.R. Schrieffer, "The decay of the vacuum," Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 190,
1981, p. 944. See Paul Davies, Superforce, Simon and Schuster, 1984 for a layman's overview
of modern physics, including the modern view of the vacuum.
2. E. T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of mathematical physics,"
Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. Since the scalar potential actually consists
totally of a set of hidden bidirectional EM waves, then scalar interferometry is possible, and not
just an oxymoron as it would seem without considering the inner wave structure of the scalar
potential. Two scalar potentials (each of which is a multi-biwave set) can interfere; it is just a
special kind of multiple wave interferometry between their internal wave compositions. This is a
major point of profound impact on physics. Whittaker in fact showed that all classical EM could
be replaced by such scalar EM potential interferometry. See E. T. Whittaker, "On an expression
of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two scalar potential functions,"
Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372. Further,
scalar interferometry has been proven; today it is called the Aharonov-Bohm Effect. See Y.
Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory,"
Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491. For confirmation and
discussion, see Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in normal-metal rings exhibit Aharonov-Bohm
Effect," Physics Today, 39(1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20. For an extensive discussion of the
Aharonov-bohm effect and an extensive list of references, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu,
"The quantum effects of electromagnetic fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, 57(2), April 1985.
Modern scientists have generally been unaware of the inner wave structure of the interfering
potentials and have utilized only quantum mechanical theory for the interference. Consequently,
they have been able to experimentally establish the AB effect for only a few thousand
Angstroms distance. With the Whittaker formulation, the AB effect becomes distantindependent,
because the necessary potentials can be fabricated as laser-like beams, simply by
assembling the proper Whittaker multibeam set. Also, Ignatovich pointed out that the
Schroedinger potential can also be decomposed into just such an internal bidirectional EM wave
set. See V.K. Ignatovich, "The remarkable capabilities of recursive relations," American Journal
of Physics, 57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878.
3. See Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact Solutions of the Wave Equation With Complex Source
Locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 26, 1985, p. 861; "Localized Transmission of
Wave Energy," Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed
Energy Concepts, 1989, p. 396-397; "Localized Transmission of Electromagnetic Energy,"
Physical Review A, Vol. 39, p. 2005; "Localized Wave Transmission Physics and Engineering,"
Physical Review A, 1992, (in Press); "Localized wave transmission physics and engineering,"
Proc. SPIE Conference on Intense Microwave and Particle Beams II, Los Angeles, CA, vol.
1407, Jan. 1991, p. 375-386. See Richard W.Ziolkowski, Amr M. Shaarawi, and Ioannis M.
Besieris, Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.), Vol. 6, 1989, p. 255-258; R.W. Ziolkowski, and D.K.
Lewis, D.K., "Verification of the Localized Wave Transmission Effect," Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 68, 1990, p.6083; Richard W. Ziolkowski, Ioannis M. Besieris, and Amr M.
Shaarawi, "Localized Wave Representations of Acoustics and Electromagnetic Radiation,"
Proceedings of the IEEE, 79(10), Oct. 1991, p. 1371-1378; I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and
R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling plane wave representation of exact solutions of the
scalar wave equation," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 806; A.M. Shaarawi,
I.M. Besieris, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A novel approach to the synthesis of nondispersive wave
packet solutions to the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations," Journal of Mathematical Physics,
31(10), 1990, p. 2511; "A nondispersive wave packet representation of photons and the waveparticle
duality of light," UCRL-101694, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
CA, 1989; "Diffraction of a classical wave packet in a two slit interference experiment," UCRL-
100756, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 1989; "Localized energy
pulse trains launched from an open, semi-infinite, circular waveguide," Journal of Applied
Physics, 65(2), 1989, p. 805; R.W. Ziolkowski, D.K.Lewis and B.D.Cook, "Experimental
verification of the localized wave transmission effect," Physical Review Letters, 62(2), 1989, p.
147; R.W. Ziolkowski and D.K. Lewis, "Verification of the localized wave transmission effect,"
Journal of Applied Physics, 68(12), 1990, p. 6083; M.K. Tippett and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A
bidirectional wave transformation of the cold plasma equations," Journal of Mathematical
Physics, 32(2) 1991, p. 488; A.M. Vengsarkar, I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R.W.
Ziolkowski, "Localized energy pulses in optical fiber waveguides: Closed-form approximate
solutions," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1991.
4. For a precise statement of the distortion correction theorem, see Amnon Yariv, Optical
Electronics, 3rd Ed., Holt, Rihehart and Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501.
5. Both wave and antiwave co-exist in the vacuum simultaneously, forming a stress wave. The
entity that is stressed is the rate of flow of time. In the common interaction with matter, the timeforward
half of the stress wave normally interacts with the electron shells of the atom, giving
electron translations forces. The time-reversed or anti-wave half interacts with the nucleus,
giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces. The so-called "EM wave" in vacuum is a
gravitational wave. It is a wave of oscillation of the rate of flow of time. It is rather like a sound
wave in air, as Tesla pointed out, and it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse "string" wave.
6. As pointed out by Nikola Tesla. Tesla was correct, and all the textbooks with their transverse
"string" waves are in error. There are no strings in the vacuum!
7. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd
Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 113.
8. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, ibid., p. 100-101. See also Raymond A.
Serway, Physics For Scientists And Engineers, With Modern Physics, Saunders College
Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 3rd Ed., Updated Version, 1992, p. 752-755.
9. Sommerfield's theory of metallic conduction was based on Drude's concept that the outer
valence electrons of a conductor, which do not form crystal bonds, are free to migrate through
the crystalline lattice structure, and so to form an electron gas. At room temperature, by
quantum mechanical considerations, these free electrons are moving randomly, but at an
average velocity on the order of 106 meters per sec. E.g., see Martin A. Plonus, Applied
Electromagnetics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978, p. 54-58, 62-3, 376-7. If you wish to know just
how much power exchange is driving the collisions of the electron gas in a copper wire, here is
an illustration. In one cubic centimeter of copper wire, the power exchange in and out of the
electron gas is some 4 billion billion watts. That's the equivalent of 4 billion large electric power
plants, each of 1,000 megawatt capacity. And one cubic centimeter of copper is a lump about
the size of the end of our little finger.
10. E. g., see Raymond A. Serway, ibid., p. 743-744 for a discussion and calculation of the
electron drift velocity in copper.
11. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on
Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York, Vol. 1, 1963, p. 2-4. In the classical EM theory launched
by Maxwell and later modified by Heaviside et al, this problem did not exist for the original
theoretical formulation. In that formulation by Maxwell, and continued by Heaviside, a material
ether is assumed for the model. The Michelson-Morley experiments of 1887 destroyed the
notion of the material ether, but the classical electromagnetics model has never been corrected
to rectify its very serious foundations flaw in this respect.
12. Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover Publications,
New York, 1963, p. 283-287. Note on p. 283 that a "field of force" at any point is actually defined
only for the case when a unit mass is present at that point. In spite of this, most classical
electrodynamicists continue to adhere to the notion that the EM field exists as such in the
vacuum, but do admit that physically measurable quantities such as force somehow involve the
product of charge and field. E.g., see J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Ed., John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, p. 249. Note that holding such a concept is tantamount to
holding on to the material ether, and assuming that the vacuum itself is "measurable" or
"observable."
Aitchison, "Nothing's plenty: the vacuum in modern field theory," Contemporary Physics, 26(4),
1985, p. 333-391. See also T. D. Lee, Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory,
Harwood Academic Publishers, New York, 1981 -- particularly Chapter 16, "Vacuum as the
source of asymmetry." See Timothy Boyer, "The classical vacuum," Scientific American, Aug.
1985, p. 70; Walter Greiner and Joseph Hamilton, "Is the Vacuum really Empty?", American
Scientist, Mar.-Apr. 1980, p. 154; Jack S. Greenberg and Walter Greiner, "Search for the
sparking of the vacuum," Physics Today, Aug. 1982, p. 24-32; Richard E. Prange and Peter
Strance, "The superconducting vacuum," American Journal of Physics, 52(1), Jan. 1984, p. 19-
21; R. Jackiw and J.R. Schrieffer, "The decay of the vacuum," Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 190,
1981, p. 944. See Paul Davies, Superforce, Simon and Schuster, 1984 for a layman's overview
of modern physics, including the modern view of the vacuum.
2. E. T. Whittaker, "On the partial differential equations of mathematical physics,"
Mathematische Annalen, Vol. 57, 1903, p. 333-355. Since the scalar potential actually consists
totally of a set of hidden bidirectional EM waves, then scalar interferometry is possible, and not
just an oxymoron as it would seem without considering the inner wave structure of the scalar
potential. Two scalar potentials (each of which is a multi-biwave set) can interfere; it is just a
special kind of multiple wave interferometry between their internal wave compositions. This is a
major point of profound impact on physics. Whittaker in fact showed that all classical EM could
be replaced by such scalar EM potential interferometry. See E. T. Whittaker, "On an expression
of the electromagnetic field due to electrons by means of two scalar potential functions,"
Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, Series 2, Vol. 1, 1904, p. 367-372. Further,
scalar interferometry has been proven; today it is called the Aharonov-Bohm Effect. See Y.
Aharonov and D. Bohm, "Significance of Electromagnetic Potentials in the Quantum Theory,"
Physical Review, Second Series, 115(3), Aug. 1, 1959, p. 458-491. For confirmation and
discussion, see Bertram Schwarzschild, "Currents in normal-metal rings exhibit Aharonov-Bohm
Effect," Physics Today, 39(1), Jan. 1986, p. 17-20. For an extensive discussion of the
Aharonov-bohm effect and an extensive list of references, see S. Olariu and I. Iovitzu Popescu,
"The quantum effects of electromagnetic fluxes," Reviews of Modern Physics, 57(2), April 1985.
Modern scientists have generally been unaware of the inner wave structure of the interfering
potentials and have utilized only quantum mechanical theory for the interference. Consequently,
they have been able to experimentally establish the AB effect for only a few thousand
Angstroms distance. With the Whittaker formulation, the AB effect becomes distantindependent,
because the necessary potentials can be fabricated as laser-like beams, simply by
assembling the proper Whittaker multibeam set. Also, Ignatovich pointed out that the
Schroedinger potential can also be decomposed into just such an internal bidirectional EM wave
set. See V.K. Ignatovich, "The remarkable capabilities of recursive relations," American Journal
of Physics, 57(10), Oct. 1989, p. 873-878.
3. See Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Exact Solutions of the Wave Equation With Complex Source
Locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol. 26, 1985, p. 861; "Localized Transmission of
Wave Energy," Proc. SPIE, Vol. 1061, Microwave and Particle Beam Sources and Directed
Energy Concepts, 1989, p. 396-397; "Localized Transmission of Electromagnetic Energy,"
Physical Review A, Vol. 39, p. 2005; "Localized Wave Transmission Physics and Engineering,"
Physical Review A, 1992, (in Press); "Localized wave transmission physics and engineering,"
Proc. SPIE Conference on Intense Microwave and Particle Beams II, Los Angeles, CA, vol.
1407, Jan. 1991, p. 375-386. See Richard W.Ziolkowski, Amr M. Shaarawi, and Ioannis M.
Besieris, Nuclear Physics B (Proc. Suppl.), Vol. 6, 1989, p. 255-258; R.W. Ziolkowski, and D.K.
Lewis, D.K., "Verification of the Localized Wave Transmission Effect," Journal of Applied
Physics, Vol. 68, 1990, p.6083; Richard W. Ziolkowski, Ioannis M. Besieris, and Amr M.
Shaarawi, "Localized Wave Representations of Acoustics and Electromagnetic Radiation,"
Proceedings of the IEEE, 79(10), Oct. 1991, p. 1371-1378; I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and
R.W. Ziolkowski, "A bidirectional travelling plane wave representation of exact solutions of the
scalar wave equation," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 30(6), 1989, p. 806; A.M. Shaarawi,
I.M. Besieris, and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A novel approach to the synthesis of nondispersive wave
packet solutions to the Klein-Gordon and the Dirac equations," Journal of Mathematical Physics,
31(10), 1990, p. 2511; "A nondispersive wave packet representation of photons and the waveparticle
duality of light," UCRL-101694, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore,
CA, 1989; "Diffraction of a classical wave packet in a two slit interference experiment," UCRL-
100756, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 1989; "Localized energy
pulse trains launched from an open, semi-infinite, circular waveguide," Journal of Applied
Physics, 65(2), 1989, p. 805; R.W. Ziolkowski, D.K.Lewis and B.D.Cook, "Experimental
verification of the localized wave transmission effect," Physical Review Letters, 62(2), 1989, p.
147; R.W. Ziolkowski and D.K. Lewis, "Verification of the localized wave transmission effect,"
Journal of Applied Physics, 68(12), 1990, p. 6083; M.K. Tippett and R.W. Ziolkowski, "A
bidirectional wave transformation of the cold plasma equations," Journal of Mathematical
Physics, 32(2) 1991, p. 488; A.M. Vengsarkar, I.M. Besieris, A.M. Shaarawi, and R.W.
Ziolkowski, "Localized energy pulses in optical fiber waveguides: Closed-form approximate
solutions," Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 1991.
4. For a precise statement of the distortion correction theorem, see Amnon Yariv, Optical
Electronics, 3rd Ed., Holt, Rihehart and Winston, New York, 1985, p. 500-501.
5. Both wave and antiwave co-exist in the vacuum simultaneously, forming a stress wave. The
entity that is stressed is the rate of flow of time. In the common interaction with matter, the timeforward
half of the stress wave normally interacts with the electron shells of the atom, giving
electron translations forces. The time-reversed or anti-wave half interacts with the nucleus,
giving the Newtonian 3rd law reaction (recoil) forces. The so-called "EM wave" in vacuum is a
gravitational wave. It is a wave of oscillation of the rate of flow of time. It is rather like a sound
wave in air, as Tesla pointed out, and it is a longitudinal wave, not a transverse "string" wave.
6. As pointed out by Nikola Tesla. Tesla was correct, and all the textbooks with their transverse
"string" waves are in error. There are no strings in the vacuum!
7. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields, 2nd
Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982, p. 113.
8. E.g., see Clayton R. Paul and Syed A. Nasar, ibid., p. 100-101. See also Raymond A.
Serway, Physics For Scientists And Engineers, With Modern Physics, Saunders College
Publishing, Philadelphia, PA, 3rd Ed., Updated Version, 1992, p. 752-755.
9. Sommerfield's theory of metallic conduction was based on Drude's concept that the outer
valence electrons of a conductor, which do not form crystal bonds, are free to migrate through
the crystalline lattice structure, and so to form an electron gas. At room temperature, by
quantum mechanical considerations, these free electrons are moving randomly, but at an
average velocity on the order of 106 meters per sec. E.g., see Martin A. Plonus, Applied
Electromagnetics, McGraw Hill, New York, 1978, p. 54-58, 62-3, 376-7. If you wish to know just
how much power exchange is driving the collisions of the electron gas in a copper wire, here is
an illustration. In one cubic centimeter of copper wire, the power exchange in and out of the
electron gas is some 4 billion billion watts. That's the equivalent of 4 billion large electric power
plants, each of 1,000 megawatt capacity. And one cubic centimeter of copper is a lump about
the size of the end of our little finger.
10. E. g., see Raymond A. Serway, ibid., p. 743-744 for a discussion and calculation of the
electron drift velocity in copper.
11. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, and Matthew Sands, The Feynman Lectures on
Physics, Addison-Wesley, New York, Vol. 1, 1963, p. 2-4. In the classical EM theory launched
by Maxwell and later modified by Heaviside et al, this problem did not exist for the original
theoretical formulation. In that formulation by Maxwell, and continued by Heaviside, a material
ether is assumed for the model. The Michelson-Morley experiments of 1887 destroyed the
notion of the material ether, but the classical electromagnetics model has never been corrected
to rectify its very serious foundations flaw in this respect.
12. Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of Physics, Dover Publications,
New York, 1963, p. 283-287. Note on p. 283 that a "field of force" at any point is actually defined
only for the case when a unit mass is present at that point. In spite of this, most classical
electrodynamicists continue to adhere to the notion that the EM field exists as such in the
vacuum, but do admit that physically measurable quantities such as force somehow involve the
product of charge and field. E.g., see J.D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd Ed., John
Wiley & Sons, New York, 1975, p. 249. Note that holding such a concept is tantamount to
holding on to the material ether, and assuming that the vacuum itself is "measurable" or
"observable."
The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of the force
13. The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of the force. It
states that "the magnitude of the force is equal to the magnitude of mass that is accelerating,
multiplied by the magnitude of the acceleration." No such "equals" formula is a definition; it is
only a calculational algorithm.
14. This falsifies one of the assumptions in the common notion of the scalar potential; that its
gradient in vacuum is a force field. Let us falsify another part of the conventional concept of the
potential. Take the notion of forcibly pushing in "against the field" of a trapped charge, a unit
charge from infinity. At any point you stop, the work n you have done on the unit charge is equal
to the value of the potential, so it is said. Actually, you pushed in a one-coulomb collector, and
have collected and dissipated as work n joules of energy on that one coulomb. In other words,
the energy density of the potential there, if collected and dissipated on a collector, is n, where n
is joules per coulomb (NOT joules!). To prove it: suppose we go out on 10,000 radials from that
point, and push in from infinity 10,000 unit charges from infinity. Then, the total work done
"against the potential gradient ("field", in common language) is now 10,000 n. This makes no
sense at all from the conventional view (which carefully refrains from multiple collectors!). It
makes good sense from our view of the potential as having infinite energy but a finite energy
density. In that case, the more collectors, the more energy collected, for dispersal as work.
15. For a discussion, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, 1959.
16. Nikola Tesla, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 87.
17. The power in the load is always the time rate of dissipation of energy that has just been
freely collected by the load for dissipation.
18. One can foresee a day in the not too distant future when any power company continuing to
do such an unthinkable thing will have a class action suit brought against it by its customers!
19. T. E. Bearden, "Mechanism for Long-Term Cumulative Biological Effects of EM Fields and
Radiation," March 1993 (in preparation).
20. Precisely analogous to a heat pump's operation - which as is well-known can readily be
"over unity" in its efficiency. The maximum efficiency of the heat pump is about 8.22. E.g., see
David Halliday and Robert Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 3rd Edition Extended, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1988, Volume 1, p. 510-519. Good heat pumps normally have about 4.0
efficiency.
21. External power in an electric circuit refers to the dissipation rate (in the circuit's external
load) of the potential gradients on the activated/potentialized electrons. Internal power refers to
the dissipation rate in the circuit's bipolarity source.
22. We call strong attention to T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC)
Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), No. 1, 1991, p. 23-41. In this
important paper, Barrett shows that a higher topology EM, such as quaternion EM, allows many
things to be accomplished with circuitry that are not apparent to a conventional vector or tensor
analysis of that circuitry. He also shows the Nikola Tesla's circuits accomplished this higher
topological functioning.
23. It is easy to test this. Connect several different wires to a single source of potential gradient.
With respect to ground, the end of each one of those wires has the same potential gradient as
does the original source with respect to ground. If you connect 10 wires to a single "100-volt"
potential gradient source, you will have ten 100-volt potential gradients appear. You can use
each of these ten potential gradients as a primary source. From each of these new primary
sources, you can branch ten more, and now have a hundred potential gradient sources. You
can treat each of these hundred new sources now as a primary source. To each one, you can
add a switcher, collector, and external load, and drive all 100 loads. Or instead, you can put ten
switcher/collector/external load circuits with each of the hundred new primary sources, and
power all 1,000 external loads. Energy/potential is free from any source, so long as you do not
demand power from the same source.
24. Per Whittaker and Ziolkowski, this VPF exchange -- from consideration of its wave aspects -
- consists of a harmonic series of bidirectional waves.
25. We are easily permitted to have free energy and violate the "local energy conservation law
for a closed system." This is because the system is not closed, and so instead we must apply
local energy conservation for an open system with a hidden source. In any given time interval,
the energy taken (scattered) from the system as external work cannot exceed the sum of the
unscattered trapped energy that was in the system initially and the unscattered energy that
flowed into the system during that time interval.
26. You can actually do away with the separate collector, and utilize the doped copper DSC
material itself as the collector. However, you will not be able to collect nearly so much energy in
each collection cycle, for dissipating in the load in the subsequent work cycle.
states that "the magnitude of the force is equal to the magnitude of mass that is accelerating,
multiplied by the magnitude of the acceleration." No such "equals" formula is a definition; it is
only a calculational algorithm.
14. This falsifies one of the assumptions in the common notion of the scalar potential; that its
gradient in vacuum is a force field. Let us falsify another part of the conventional concept of the
potential. Take the notion of forcibly pushing in "against the field" of a trapped charge, a unit
charge from infinity. At any point you stop, the work n you have done on the unit charge is equal
to the value of the potential, so it is said. Actually, you pushed in a one-coulomb collector, and
have collected and dissipated as work n joules of energy on that one coulomb. In other words,
the energy density of the potential there, if collected and dissipated on a collector, is n, where n
is joules per coulomb (NOT joules!). To prove it: suppose we go out on 10,000 radials from that
point, and push in from infinity 10,000 unit charges from infinity. Then, the total work done
"against the potential gradient ("field", in common language) is now 10,000 n. This makes no
sense at all from the conventional view (which carefully refrains from multiple collectors!). It
makes good sense from our view of the potential as having infinite energy but a finite energy
density. In that case, the more collectors, the more energy collected, for dispersal as work.
15. For a discussion, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, 1959.
16. Nikola Tesla, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 87.
17. The power in the load is always the time rate of dissipation of energy that has just been
freely collected by the load for dissipation.
18. One can foresee a day in the not too distant future when any power company continuing to
do such an unthinkable thing will have a class action suit brought against it by its customers!
19. T. E. Bearden, "Mechanism for Long-Term Cumulative Biological Effects of EM Fields and
Radiation," March 1993 (in preparation).
20. Precisely analogous to a heat pump's operation - which as is well-known can readily be
"over unity" in its efficiency. The maximum efficiency of the heat pump is about 8.22. E.g., see
David Halliday and Robert Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 3rd Edition Extended, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1988, Volume 1, p. 510-519. Good heat pumps normally have about 4.0
efficiency.
21. External power in an electric circuit refers to the dissipation rate (in the circuit's external
load) of the potential gradients on the activated/potentialized electrons. Internal power refers to
the dissipation rate in the circuit's bipolarity source.
22. We call strong attention to T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC)
Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), No. 1, 1991, p. 23-41. In this
important paper, Barrett shows that a higher topology EM, such as quaternion EM, allows many
things to be accomplished with circuitry that are not apparent to a conventional vector or tensor
analysis of that circuitry. He also shows the Nikola Tesla's circuits accomplished this higher
topological functioning.
23. It is easy to test this. Connect several different wires to a single source of potential gradient.
With respect to ground, the end of each one of those wires has the same potential gradient as
does the original source with respect to ground. If you connect 10 wires to a single "100-volt"
potential gradient source, you will have ten 100-volt potential gradients appear. You can use
each of these ten potential gradients as a primary source. From each of these new primary
sources, you can branch ten more, and now have a hundred potential gradient sources. You
can treat each of these hundred new sources now as a primary source. To each one, you can
add a switcher, collector, and external load, and drive all 100 loads. Or instead, you can put ten
switcher/collector/external load circuits with each of the hundred new primary sources, and
power all 1,000 external loads. Energy/potential is free from any source, so long as you do not
demand power from the same source.
24. Per Whittaker and Ziolkowski, this VPF exchange -- from consideration of its wave aspects -
- consists of a harmonic series of bidirectional waves.
25. We are easily permitted to have free energy and violate the "local energy conservation law
for a closed system." This is because the system is not closed, and so instead we must apply
local energy conservation for an open system with a hidden source. In any given time interval,
the energy taken (scattered) from the system as external work cannot exceed the sum of the
unscattered trapped energy that was in the system initially and the unscattered energy that
flowed into the system during that time interval.
26. You can actually do away with the separate collector, and utilize the doped copper DSC
material itself as the collector. However, you will not be able to collect nearly so much energy in
each collection cycle, for dissipating in the load in the subsequent work cycle.
ADDITIONAL COMMENT:
The present classical CEM model prescribes closed, energy-conservative type systems. If any
electrical device works totally according to the accepted CEM model, it cannot and will not ever
produce overunity. Simply put, you have excluded any hidden EM source that is freely
replenished, and you have assumed continual killing of all energy input sources utilized. On the
other hand, if one takes the view that the overunity electrical machines are possible after all,
then -- whether one is consciously aware of it or not -- one has implied that classical CEM must
somehow be substantially flawed. If it's flawed, then -- being a model -- some of its primary
assumptions (postulates) and/or fundamental definitions must be in error. The proper place to
go after "free electrical energy" is to rigorously examine CEM, over and over, until flaws are
uncovered which allow a hidden, freely replenished source of input energy. In other words, one
must find a way to "open" the electrical system to an inflow of energy from this source, without
closing off the source. Until one finds such an "extension" of CEM, one has no model or
concept which can reasonably be expected to provide overunity electrical energy output. Note
also that, while the majority of the EM circuitry of an electrical overunity machine may obey
CEM, at least one section -- where the source is freely tapped and the excess energy extracted
-- must violate CEM.
I have spent many arduous years in this very process, right or wrong. The bottom line of my
search is this: the only verified (by Whittaker and Ziolkowski) (WZ) "freely replenished river" of
EM energy, that can act as the required "free energy" source for input to the would-be overunity
electrical system, is the potential. But to understand the potential, completely new definitions
are required for many entities, among them being energy, electrical charge, electrostatic scalar
potential, voltage, etc. The present so-called "definitions" of these entities in CEM are either
non-existent, entirely wrong, or quite unsatisfactory.
So far, the search has uncovered two major ways to tap the continually-replenished EM energy
in the scalar EM potential:
(1) use of the inner WZ internal biwave structure of the potential as pump waves on/to a
nonlinear material (such as the atomic nucleus), so that the nucleus becomes a pumped phase
conjugate mirror. Then, by normal phase conjugate optical theory, simply inputting a small
signal wave will produce an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave emitted from the
mirror material, and this PCR will precisely backtrack the original input signal wave's path (see
the distortion correction theorem ) back out of the nucleus, out of the atom, and into the external
circuit. There, the amplified PCR wave can be "filtered off" and sent to the external load, to
power the load. The Floyd Sweet vacuum triode works precisely by this mechanism. Note
particularly that Barrett has shown that higher topology EM (such as the original quaternion EM
theory) can accomplish such "optical functioning" without the use of optical materials. To do
Sweet's vacuum triode type process is thus theoretically possible with electrical circuitry alone,
but one must have more than the current understanding of CEM, as Barrett pointed out. In
other words, one can "open" any 4-space system by adding hyperspace (or subspace, if one
insists on retaining Minkowski 4-space). One can thus have a hyperspatial source. Indeed,
Ziolkowski and others have already pointed out that the WZ type decomposition of the scalar
potential is essentially equivalent to having complex sources.
electrical device works totally according to the accepted CEM model, it cannot and will not ever
produce overunity. Simply put, you have excluded any hidden EM source that is freely
replenished, and you have assumed continual killing of all energy input sources utilized. On the
other hand, if one takes the view that the overunity electrical machines are possible after all,
then -- whether one is consciously aware of it or not -- one has implied that classical CEM must
somehow be substantially flawed. If it's flawed, then -- being a model -- some of its primary
assumptions (postulates) and/or fundamental definitions must be in error. The proper place to
go after "free electrical energy" is to rigorously examine CEM, over and over, until flaws are
uncovered which allow a hidden, freely replenished source of input energy. In other words, one
must find a way to "open" the electrical system to an inflow of energy from this source, without
closing off the source. Until one finds such an "extension" of CEM, one has no model or
concept which can reasonably be expected to provide overunity electrical energy output. Note
also that, while the majority of the EM circuitry of an electrical overunity machine may obey
CEM, at least one section -- where the source is freely tapped and the excess energy extracted
-- must violate CEM.
I have spent many arduous years in this very process, right or wrong. The bottom line of my
search is this: the only verified (by Whittaker and Ziolkowski) (WZ) "freely replenished river" of
EM energy, that can act as the required "free energy" source for input to the would-be overunity
electrical system, is the potential. But to understand the potential, completely new definitions
are required for many entities, among them being energy, electrical charge, electrostatic scalar
potential, voltage, etc. The present so-called "definitions" of these entities in CEM are either
non-existent, entirely wrong, or quite unsatisfactory.
So far, the search has uncovered two major ways to tap the continually-replenished EM energy
in the scalar EM potential:
(1) use of the inner WZ internal biwave structure of the potential as pump waves on/to a
nonlinear material (such as the atomic nucleus), so that the nucleus becomes a pumped phase
conjugate mirror. Then, by normal phase conjugate optical theory, simply inputting a small
signal wave will produce an amplified phase conjugate replica (PCR) wave emitted from the
mirror material, and this PCR will precisely backtrack the original input signal wave's path (see
the distortion correction theorem ) back out of the nucleus, out of the atom, and into the external
circuit. There, the amplified PCR wave can be "filtered off" and sent to the external load, to
power the load. The Floyd Sweet vacuum triode works precisely by this mechanism. Note
particularly that Barrett has shown that higher topology EM (such as the original quaternion EM
theory) can accomplish such "optical functioning" without the use of optical materials. To do
Sweet's vacuum triode type process is thus theoretically possible with electrical circuitry alone,
but one must have more than the current understanding of CEM, as Barrett pointed out. In
other words, one can "open" any 4-space system by adding hyperspace (or subspace, if one
insists on retaining Minkowski 4-space). One can thus have a hyperspatial source. Indeed,
Ziolkowski and others have already pointed out that the WZ type decomposition of the scalar
potential is essentially equivalent to having complex sources.
The second way is to "trap the electron gas electrons" in a separate collector
2) The second way is to "trap the electron gas electrons" in a separate collector, feed "currentfree
potential" to the collector from a primary battery or other source of potential, and collect a
bunch of excess energy (potential) in the collector's "penned up free electron 'horses'" waiting to
carry the excess energy to the load and dissipate it there, once they have been released. Then,
one switches the primary potential source away from the collector, while the "energy-loaded
horses" are still trapped and straining at the bit, so that no work can be done -- by those
agitated horses when they stampede out of there -- on the internal resistance of the primary
source, to destroy or reduce it. In the same switching action, the collector with its "snorting but
still trapped electron horses" is switched across the load to form a totally separate circuit with it,
having nothing at all to do with the original primary source of potential. Then, the agitated
horses are released, and thunder out through the load, scattering their riders (excess energy) in
all directions in the load, producing work/heat and powering the load. They will also charge on
around to the reverse side of the collector, and kill its charge separation (kill its potential) as
well, just as does any ordinary circuit.
The major disadvantage of method 1, as we presently have seen it done (however, check
Barrett's demonstration that Tesla's patented circuitry is capable of doing it by circuitry alone), is
that time-reversed electrical energy is produced. So Method 1 has some serious drawbacks.
"Time-reversed energy stuff", which should stay in the atomic nucleus as Newtonian 3rd law
reactions and 3rd-law energy exchanges, is dragged out. Unusual effects on biological systems
can occur. Antigravity effects can occur. Other hidden processes in the universes, that affect
the atomic nucleus, can be gated into the external circuitry, causing disaster. Monopoles can
be deposited in the magnets, causing them to explode like hand grenades. Most of the new
"massive time-reverse energy" phenomenology is still unknown. One cannot at this stage of
ignorance adequately guarantee human safety. I presently don't see just how this kind of
energy can pass an Underwriter Laboratories' testing and certification, until a lot more
exhaustive work is done to understand the new phenomenology.
Method 2, however, yields ordinary, garden-variety, positive-time electrical energy. The method
presented in the paper is my own discovery. No unusual time-reversed phenomena are
involved. It would appear to be eminently practical to produce and certify power units based on
Method 2. The phenomenology and risks are the same as for ordinary, time-forward power
systems.
Method 2 has another unique characteristic: as a system, all the subsystems are already in the
literature and validated. They have just not previously been put together in this fashion. So
development of the system really represents an "integration" problem only, after one first does a
little development of a proper degenerate semiconductor material (DSM). In other words, one
first develops (and tests) the exact doping materials and percentage, to get a DSM material that
is still a good conductor but has a relaxation time of -- say -- one tenth of a millisecond. One
builds the wires from the battery to the collector out of this new DSM material. If one uses a
capacitor for the collector, the plates must be made out of the new DSM material, not out of
normal "pure conductor" material. Then one develops a switcher that switches in one tenth (or
less) the relaxation time of the DSM, or in this case in one hundredth of a millisecond. That
switching time, of course, is easy for any decent electronic technician or electronic engineer.
One also develops a timing circuit that will (1) sense the status of the discharge of the collector
energy through the load, and (2) trigger the switching at the correct times so that a smooth twocycle
(collect, discharge) process results. Note that the lengths of cycle one and cycle two are
not necessarily equal at all. One may use multiple collectors/loads simultaneously, cascaded
collectors/loads, etc. Hundreds of variations are possible and feasible.
It is not possible to do anything with this discovery in a normal manner. I would dearly like to be
economically independent, so I could work full time in my efforts on free energy, antigravity,
extended EM healing, cancer, etc. Many orthodox scientists will also fiercely resist this upstart
notion of "overunity" electrical machines to the bitter end. When powerful economic interests
realize one has such thing for real, one is certainly going to be stopped, jailed, or killed, or he
may just "mysteriously vanish" and never be seen again.
So I just freely released and distributed my discovery of method 2, in the paper "The Final
Secret of Free Energy". It is deliberately targeted toward technicians, junior engineers, and
educated laymen. (The principles and definitions raised, however, can be debated to the nth
degree by knowledgeable foundation scientists). The paper has already been distributed
worldwide. Now the principles and definitions are available to everyone. If they are in error,
shortly that will be proven in spades. If they are correct, that will also be established shortly.
Anyone who wishes can develop and patent a particular application. There's no longer any way
to stop this information from being disseminated and utilized. I hope that a flurry of
development and patenting activity will result around the world. Get cheap, clean electrical
energy to everyone. Bring on the electric auto, clean up the noxious auto exhausts, get rid of
giant oil spills, and clean up the biosphere.
potential" to the collector from a primary battery or other source of potential, and collect a
bunch of excess energy (potential) in the collector's "penned up free electron 'horses'" waiting to
carry the excess energy to the load and dissipate it there, once they have been released. Then,
one switches the primary potential source away from the collector, while the "energy-loaded
horses" are still trapped and straining at the bit, so that no work can be done -- by those
agitated horses when they stampede out of there -- on the internal resistance of the primary
source, to destroy or reduce it. In the same switching action, the collector with its "snorting but
still trapped electron horses" is switched across the load to form a totally separate circuit with it,
having nothing at all to do with the original primary source of potential. Then, the agitated
horses are released, and thunder out through the load, scattering their riders (excess energy) in
all directions in the load, producing work/heat and powering the load. They will also charge on
around to the reverse side of the collector, and kill its charge separation (kill its potential) as
well, just as does any ordinary circuit.
The major disadvantage of method 1, as we presently have seen it done (however, check
Barrett's demonstration that Tesla's patented circuitry is capable of doing it by circuitry alone), is
that time-reversed electrical energy is produced. So Method 1 has some serious drawbacks.
"Time-reversed energy stuff", which should stay in the atomic nucleus as Newtonian 3rd law
reactions and 3rd-law energy exchanges, is dragged out. Unusual effects on biological systems
can occur. Antigravity effects can occur. Other hidden processes in the universes, that affect
the atomic nucleus, can be gated into the external circuitry, causing disaster. Monopoles can
be deposited in the magnets, causing them to explode like hand grenades. Most of the new
"massive time-reverse energy" phenomenology is still unknown. One cannot at this stage of
ignorance adequately guarantee human safety. I presently don't see just how this kind of
energy can pass an Underwriter Laboratories' testing and certification, until a lot more
exhaustive work is done to understand the new phenomenology.
Method 2, however, yields ordinary, garden-variety, positive-time electrical energy. The method
presented in the paper is my own discovery. No unusual time-reversed phenomena are
involved. It would appear to be eminently practical to produce and certify power units based on
Method 2. The phenomenology and risks are the same as for ordinary, time-forward power
systems.
Method 2 has another unique characteristic: as a system, all the subsystems are already in the
literature and validated. They have just not previously been put together in this fashion. So
development of the system really represents an "integration" problem only, after one first does a
little development of a proper degenerate semiconductor material (DSM). In other words, one
first develops (and tests) the exact doping materials and percentage, to get a DSM material that
is still a good conductor but has a relaxation time of -- say -- one tenth of a millisecond. One
builds the wires from the battery to the collector out of this new DSM material. If one uses a
capacitor for the collector, the plates must be made out of the new DSM material, not out of
normal "pure conductor" material. Then one develops a switcher that switches in one tenth (or
less) the relaxation time of the DSM, or in this case in one hundredth of a millisecond. That
switching time, of course, is easy for any decent electronic technician or electronic engineer.
One also develops a timing circuit that will (1) sense the status of the discharge of the collector
energy through the load, and (2) trigger the switching at the correct times so that a smooth twocycle
(collect, discharge) process results. Note that the lengths of cycle one and cycle two are
not necessarily equal at all. One may use multiple collectors/loads simultaneously, cascaded
collectors/loads, etc. Hundreds of variations are possible and feasible.
It is not possible to do anything with this discovery in a normal manner. I would dearly like to be
economically independent, so I could work full time in my efforts on free energy, antigravity,
extended EM healing, cancer, etc. Many orthodox scientists will also fiercely resist this upstart
notion of "overunity" electrical machines to the bitter end. When powerful economic interests
realize one has such thing for real, one is certainly going to be stopped, jailed, or killed, or he
may just "mysteriously vanish" and never be seen again.
So I just freely released and distributed my discovery of method 2, in the paper "The Final
Secret of Free Energy". It is deliberately targeted toward technicians, junior engineers, and
educated laymen. (The principles and definitions raised, however, can be debated to the nth
degree by knowledgeable foundation scientists). The paper has already been distributed
worldwide. Now the principles and definitions are available to everyone. If they are in error,
shortly that will be proven in spades. If they are correct, that will also be established shortly.
Anyone who wishes can develop and patent a particular application. There's no longer any way
to stop this information from being disseminated and utilized. I hope that a flurry of
development and patenting activity will result around the world. Get cheap, clean electrical
energy to everyone. Bring on the electric auto, clean up the noxious auto exhausts, get rid of
giant oil spills, and clean up the biosphere.
Summary of the Invention
Summary of the Invention
A method and apparatus for extracting bidirectional EM wave energy from the vacuum
through the scalar potential gradient across the terminals of an electrical source, collecting
the excess energy in a collector without entropy, then separately discharging the collected
energy through a load to perform work, without sending the load current back through the
primary source against its potential gradient; i.e., against its back emf. Removing the load
current from the source thereby substantially reduces the production of work inside the
source to dissipate its bipolarity; said internal dissipative work being well-known to be the
cause of exhaustion of the source's ability to continue to furnish emf to the external circuit.
By reduction of its internal dissipation, the source is enabled to furnish more energy for
dissipation in the external load than is utilized to dissipate the source internally. Hence the
source is enabled to operate with an overunity operational efficiency. The system
permissibly operates as an "open" system, and extracts and utilizes excess EM energy from
a free-flowing external source (the flux exchange between the surrounding vacuum and the
bipolarity of the source), hence it can operate at an efficiency greater than unity without
violation of the laws of physics, in a manner analogous to but entirely different from a heat
pump. In this invention, it is not the purpose of the primary source to furnish current and
dissipative power to the external circuit. The bipolarity of the source is utilized primarily
as a dipole antenna to receive the bidirectional EM wave energy flow from the vacuum,
and direct it without entropy through a switching unit to the collector. Conduction
electrons in the collector are temporarily restrained while being overpotentialized by the
excess energy being collected upon them. The collector and its overpotentialized electrons
are then switched away from the primary source, and connected across the load as a
separate circuit and closed current loop. The electrons in the collector and their excess
energy are then automatically released to flow as current discharge through the load,
releasing their excess energy to perform useful work in the load. The collector is then
switched away from the load and back across the primary source, and another collection
cycle is initiated. Iteration of the collection and discharge cycles provides power to the
load. Additional collection and smoothing capacitances for smoothing the iterations and
furnishing steady power to the load may be added as desired. The invention violates the
closed circuit practice of powering loads, but does not violate the conservation of energy
law, the second law of thermodynamics, or any of the other known laws of physics.
Use of Step-Charged Capacitor as the Collector
Fulfilling our search for a special material with the extended electron gas relaxation time
for the collector, a material alloy composed of 98% aluminum and 2% iron is tentatively
suggested. However, production of this alloy is particularly difficult, so we are still
researching for a solution that is more easily manufactured.
Meanwhile, the necessity for using a special material for the collector has been bypassed
by another procedure we have utilized. Rigorously one can use a normal capacitor as the
collector, if one step-charges it in several hundred small incremental rectangular voltage
steps (stair-step-charging). The proof that this can freely charge a capacitor with energy,
without having to do appreciable work, is already known in the literature. You can charge
the capacitor without entropy and essentially without drawing electron mass current. [Ref
2,Ref 3,Ref 4,Ref 5]
Actually we consider the capacitor to be charged by massless displacement current flow,
which for circuitry purposes we consider to be d /dl -- a flow of pure potential (trapped
EM energy) along a conductor or through the vacuum; i.e., under conditions where mass
displacement current flow does not exist. [Ref 6, Ref 7]
A method and apparatus for extracting bidirectional EM wave energy from the vacuum
through the scalar potential gradient across the terminals of an electrical source, collecting
the excess energy in a collector without entropy, then separately discharging the collected
energy through a load to perform work, without sending the load current back through the
primary source against its potential gradient; i.e., against its back emf. Removing the load
current from the source thereby substantially reduces the production of work inside the
source to dissipate its bipolarity; said internal dissipative work being well-known to be the
cause of exhaustion of the source's ability to continue to furnish emf to the external circuit.
By reduction of its internal dissipation, the source is enabled to furnish more energy for
dissipation in the external load than is utilized to dissipate the source internally. Hence the
source is enabled to operate with an overunity operational efficiency. The system
permissibly operates as an "open" system, and extracts and utilizes excess EM energy from
a free-flowing external source (the flux exchange between the surrounding vacuum and the
bipolarity of the source), hence it can operate at an efficiency greater than unity without
violation of the laws of physics, in a manner analogous to but entirely different from a heat
pump. In this invention, it is not the purpose of the primary source to furnish current and
dissipative power to the external circuit. The bipolarity of the source is utilized primarily
as a dipole antenna to receive the bidirectional EM wave energy flow from the vacuum,
and direct it without entropy through a switching unit to the collector. Conduction
electrons in the collector are temporarily restrained while being overpotentialized by the
excess energy being collected upon them. The collector and its overpotentialized electrons
are then switched away from the primary source, and connected across the load as a
separate circuit and closed current loop. The electrons in the collector and their excess
energy are then automatically released to flow as current discharge through the load,
releasing their excess energy to perform useful work in the load. The collector is then
switched away from the load and back across the primary source, and another collection
cycle is initiated. Iteration of the collection and discharge cycles provides power to the
load. Additional collection and smoothing capacitances for smoothing the iterations and
furnishing steady power to the load may be added as desired. The invention violates the
closed circuit practice of powering loads, but does not violate the conservation of energy
law, the second law of thermodynamics, or any of the other known laws of physics.
Use of Step-Charged Capacitor as the Collector
Fulfilling our search for a special material with the extended electron gas relaxation time
for the collector, a material alloy composed of 98% aluminum and 2% iron is tentatively
suggested. However, production of this alloy is particularly difficult, so we are still
researching for a solution that is more easily manufactured.
Meanwhile, the necessity for using a special material for the collector has been bypassed
by another procedure we have utilized. Rigorously one can use a normal capacitor as the
collector, if one step-charges it in several hundred small incremental rectangular voltage
steps (stair-step-charging). The proof that this can freely charge a capacitor with energy,
without having to do appreciable work, is already known in the literature. You can charge
the capacitor without entropy and essentially without drawing electron mass current. [Ref
2,Ref 3,Ref 4,Ref 5]
Actually we consider the capacitor to be charged by massless displacement current flow,
which for circuitry purposes we consider to be d /dl -- a flow of pure potential (trapped
EM energy) along a conductor or through the vacuum; i.e., under conditions where mass
displacement current flow does not exist. [Ref 6, Ref 7]
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
