Summary of the Invention

Summary of the Invention
A method and apparatus for extracting bidirectional EM wave energy from the vacuum
through the scalar potential gradient across the terminals of an electrical source, collecting
the excess energy in a collector without entropy, then separately discharging the collected
energy through a load to perform work, without sending the load current back through the
primary source against its potential gradient; i.e., against its back emf. Removing the load
current from the source thereby substantially reduces the production of work inside the
source to dissipate its bipolarity; said internal dissipative work being well-known to be the
cause of exhaustion of the source's ability to continue to furnish emf to the external circuit.
By reduction of its internal dissipation, the source is enabled to furnish more energy for
dissipation in the external load than is utilized to dissipate the source internally. Hence the
source is enabled to operate with an overunity operational efficiency. The system
permissibly operates as an "open" system, and extracts and utilizes excess EM energy from
a free-flowing external source (the flux exchange between the surrounding vacuum and the
bipolarity of the source), hence it can operate at an efficiency greater than unity without
violation of the laws of physics, in a manner analogous to but entirely different from a heat
pump. In this invention, it is not the purpose of the primary source to furnish current and
dissipative power to the external circuit. The bipolarity of the source is utilized primarily
as a dipole antenna to receive the bidirectional EM wave energy flow from the vacuum,
and direct it without entropy through a switching unit to the collector. Conduction
electrons in the collector are temporarily restrained while being overpotentialized by the
excess energy being collected upon them. The collector and its overpotentialized electrons
are then switched away from the primary source, and connected across the load as a
separate circuit and closed current loop. The electrons in the collector and their excess
energy are then automatically released to flow as current discharge through the load,
releasing their excess energy to perform useful work in the load. The collector is then
switched away from the load and back across the primary source, and another collection
cycle is initiated. Iteration of the collection and discharge cycles provides power to the
load. Additional collection and smoothing capacitances for smoothing the iterations and
furnishing steady power to the load may be added as desired. The invention violates the
closed circuit practice of powering loads, but does not violate the conservation of energy
law, the second law of thermodynamics, or any of the other known laws of physics.
Use of Step-Charged Capacitor as the Collector
Fulfilling our search for a special material with the extended electron gas relaxation time
for the collector, a material alloy composed of 98% aluminum and 2% iron is tentatively
suggested. However, production of this alloy is particularly difficult, so we are still
researching for a solution that is more easily manufactured.
Meanwhile, the necessity for using a special material for the collector has been bypassed
by another procedure we have utilized. Rigorously one can use a normal capacitor as the
collector, if one step-charges it in several hundred small incremental rectangular voltage
steps (stair-step-charging). The proof that this can freely charge a capacitor with energy,
without having to do appreciable work, is already known in the literature. You can charge
the capacitor without entropy and essentially without drawing electron mass current. [Ref
2,Ref 3,Ref 4,Ref 5]
Actually we consider the capacitor to be charged by massless displacement current flow,
which for circuitry purposes we consider to be d /dl -- a flow of pure potential (trapped
EM energy) along a conductor or through the vacuum; i.e., under conditions where mass
displacement current flow does not exist. [Ref 6, Ref 7]