what flows when one connects multiple open circuit pairs of conductors to a source

It remains to examine Maxwell's equation .D = ρv. If mass displacement current
cannot flow, then there exists no divergence of the mass current portion of D.
However, massless displacement current can still flow, and there can exist
divergence of that component. There are now three aspects to that equation: (1) the
case in the vacuum, where there exists no physical ρ and hence no ρv as such
because of the absence of mass, (2) the case in a material medium, which is the
normal case already treated in the standard equation and need not be further
addressed, and (3) the case in a material medium where, nonetheless, physical
charged masses such as electrons cannot move, but massless charge currents may
still move. Only cases 1 and 3 need to be addressed, and they have the same
treatment.
We address the one dimensional case, which is sufficient for circuit current flow
considerations. First we replace D with (D + Dρ), where the first term is the
massless displacement current and the second term is the massive displacement
current. In other words, we account separately for charged mass flow and for
massless charge flow. Similarly, we express ρv as two components, one massive
and one massless, so that ρv = d/dl( + mv). For case 1 and case 3 we make mv = 0
and Dρ = 0. For those cases, we have .D = .D = d /dl (since current along a
wire is a one-dimensional flow). We specifically note that , D , .D , and d /dl
are not necessarily conserved quantities, since is mathematically decomposed into
bidirectional EM waves, and is hence a freely flowing process. When symmetry is
broken so that equilibrium conditions no longer exist, one or more of these
quantities will not be locally conserved.
What has actually been done here is to open the classical EM model to the free
exchange of massless EM energy that is always ongoing between any charged
particle's mass and the vacuum. We then account separately for the flow of the
energy exchange (of the massless charge flow) and the flow of the physical
receiver/transmitters (i.e., for charged mass flow). Our switching arrangement to
separate the collection and discharge cycles constitutes a permissible "Maxwell's
Demon" which breaks symmetry, hence breaks equilibrium and opens the system
as required. Since such a system can continually receive a free influx of energy
from its external source, such a system can permissibly exhibit overunity
operational efficiency without violating the laws of physics.
8. Displacement current is already known to be lossless transport of energy without
entropy, i.e., without work. For a typical confirmation see Jed Z. Buchwald, From
Maxwell to Microphysics, University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, p. 44
(1985). Quoting: "...no energy transformation into heat occurs for displacement
currents."
9. We strongly stress again that the scalar potential may be mathematically
decomposed into a harmonic series of hidden bidirectional EM wave pairs. Each
wave pair consists of an ordinary EM wave together with its superposed phase
conjugate replica wave. Thus internally the scalar potential gradient across a source
represents a bidirectional exchange of EM wave energy with the surrounding
vacuum. See notes 13, 14, 15, and 16 below for references confirming the
decomposition of the "fixed" potential into a dynamic flow process and energy
exchange process.
10. For confirmation see Robert Bruce Lindsay and Henry Margenau, Foundations of
Physics, Dover Publications, New York, pp. 283-287 (1963). See particularly p.
283, which emphasizes that a "field of force" at any point is actually defined only
for the case when a unit mass is present at that point. See p. 17 on the limitations of
a "natural law"; p. 213 and 215 for limitation of thermodynamic analysis to
equilibrium states; and see p. 216 for definition of entropy. See p. 217 for the fact
that the entropy for non-equilibrium conditions cannot be computed, and the
entropy of a system not in equilibrium must be less than the entropy of the system
in equilibrium, i.e., for a system to depart from equilibrium conditions, its entropy
must decrease. Therefore its energy must increase. Thus the energy of an open
system not in equilibrium must always be greater than the energy of the same
system when it is closed and in equilibrium, since the equilibrium state is the state
of maximum entropy.
11. Lindsay and Margenau, ibid., p. 217.
12. The basic notion in the perpetual motion conundrum is that somehow a closed
system in thermodynamic equilibrium could perpetually provide external energy to
a load outside the system. Such a notion is an oxymoron; if the system is closed, no
energy can escape or enter, hence the system could not furnish energy externally to
power a load or even just to radiate away. My associates and I have not in any
manner proposed such a system or entertained the notion that such might exist. But
it is well-known that open systems not in thermodynamic equilibrium can freely
extract energy from their environment and furnish energy to power a load, and that
is precisely what we have proposed.
13. G. J. Stoney, "XLVIII. On a Supposed Proof of a Theorem in Wave-motion, To the
Editors of the Philosophical Magazine," Philosophical Magazine, 5(43), pp. 368-
373 (1897).
14. E. T. Whittaker, "On the Partial Differential Equations of Mathematical Physics,"
Mathematische Annalen, vol. 57, pp. 333-355 (1903). Whittaker mathematically
decomposes the scalar potential into a bidirectional series of EM wave pairs in a
harmonic sequence. Each wave pair consists of the wave and its phase conjugate.
(We have pointed out elsewhere that such a wave pair is a standing
electrogravitational wave and a standing wave in the curvature of local space-time).
To see that all classical EM can be replaced by interference of two such scalar
potentials (i.e., by the interference of their hidden multi-wave sets), see E. T.
Whittaker, "On an Expression of the Electromagnetic Field Due to Electrons by
Means of Two Scalar Potential Functions," Proceedings of the London
Mathematical Society, Series 2, vol. 1, pp. 367-372 (1904).
15. Richard W. Ziolkowski, "Localized Transmission of Electromagnetic Energy,"
Physical Review A, 39, p. 2005 (1989). For related material, see Richard W.
Ziolkowski, "Exact Solutions of the Wave Equation With Complex Source
Locations," Journal of Mathematical Physics, 26, pp. 861-863 (1985). See also
Michael K. Tippett and Richard Ziolkowski, "A Bidirectional Wave
Transformation of the Cold Plasma Equations," Journal of Mathematical Physics,
32(2), pp. 488-492 (1991).
16. C. W. Hsue, "A DC Voltage is Equivalent to Two Traveling Waves on a Lossless,
Nonuniform Transmission Line," IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, 3,
pp. 82-84 (1993).
17. H. E. Puthoff, "Source of Vacuum Electromagnetic Zero-point Energy," Physical
Review A, 40(9), pp. 4857-4862 (1989). Presents Puthoff's self-regenerating
cosmological feedback cycle for the source of the vacuum EM zero-point energy.
Our comment: Over any macroscopic range, the vacuum fluctuations ( 's) of the
ZPE sum to a vector zero translational resultant. The individual ZPE components
( 's), however, are still present and active, and their energies are present as well.
That vector zero can thus be considered to be a gradient-free potential, or the
vacuum potential, since it contains enormously dense, trapped EM energy. So the
vacuum potential -- pure space-time (ST) itself -- contains enormously dense EM
energy.
One can then apply the Stoney/Whittaker/Ziolkowski (SWZ) methodology to
decompose this powerful vacuum potential, i.e., the vacuum, and in fact space-time
(ST) itself, into an incredibly dense flux of EM energy. Space-time is revealed to
be an incredibly powerful electrostatic scalar potential. The electrical charge
(potential) of a charged particle is a small potential gradient in the ST potential,
i.e., it is a slight alteration of the local ST potential. Via Puthoff's self-regenerative
feedback cycle, the energy flowing in this potential is being exchanged between the
local source and all the charges everywhere in the universe. This "potential
gradient" or electrical charge itself can be decomposed via the SWZ approach, and
becomes a bidirectional EM wave pair exchange of excess EM energy between the
vacuum/ST and the charged particle's mass. The potential gradient between the
ends of a dipole have similar decompositions, with the additional characteristic that
the negatively charged end of the dipole receives the forward-time waves from the
SWZ wave pairs, and the positively charged end receives the time-reversed waves.
Our final comment is that Cole and Puthoff have rigorously shown that, in theory,
the vacuum EM energy can indeed be extracted. See Daniel C. Cole, and Harold E.
Puthoff, "Extracting Energy and Heat from the Vacuum," Physical Review E,
48(2), pp. 1562-1565 (1993).
18. T. W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC) Theory,"
Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), pp. 23-41 (1991). Barrett shows
that a higher topology EM model (e.g., EM expressed in quaternions) allows
shuttling and storage of potentials in circuits, and also allows additional EM
functioning of a circuit that a conventional EM analysis cannot reveal. As an
example, one may meet optical functioning without the presence of optical
materials.
LEGEND:
= filled black dot (like scalar product) in original text
Ø = Greek letter Ø for the Scalar Electrostatic Potential field
= Greek letter Nabla (upside down triangle)
x = Absolute value of x (only positive)
uf = microFarad