Repetition and Review

Notice What We've Done: We took some trapped EM energy density (a chunk of potential
gradient, a "voltage" before current flows) from the source, by switching that potential gradient
(energy density, which is joules per coulomb) onto a collector (containing a certain number of
coulombs of trapped charges) where the potential gradient activates/potentializes/couples-to
these temporarily non translating electrons. So the finite collector collected a finite amount of
excess energy [joules/coulomb x collecting (trapped) coulombs] on its now-excited (activated)
free electrons. Then, before any current has yet flowed from the source, we switched that
potentialized collector (with its temporarily restrained but potentialized electrons; with their finite
amount of excess trapped EM energy) away from the source and directly across the load.
Shortly thereafter, the relaxation time in the collector expires. The potentialized electrons in the
collector are freed to move in the external load circuit, consisting of the collector and the load,
and so they do so. The scattering "shock collisions" due to the erratic electron accelerations in
the load shake off the little potential gradients on the conduction electrons, emitting photons in
all directions, which we call "heat." In shaking off the photons, the electrons lose their little
potential gradients, hence lose their activation (excess EM energy).
Rigorously, we have extracted some energy in trapped form, and allowed it to dissipate in the
load, "powering the load" for a finite discharge/dissipation time and doing work.20 Contrary to the
conventional electrical power engineering, we have also done this without doing any work inside
the source to diminish its ability to furnish potential gradient.