The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of the force

13. The formula F = ma is simply an algorithm for calculating the magnitude of the force. It
states that "the magnitude of the force is equal to the magnitude of mass that is accelerating,
multiplied by the magnitude of the acceleration." No such "equals" formula is a definition; it is
only a calculational algorithm.
14. This falsifies one of the assumptions in the common notion of the scalar potential; that its
gradient in vacuum is a force field. Let us falsify another part of the conventional concept of the
potential. Take the notion of forcibly pushing in "against the field" of a trapped charge, a unit
charge from infinity. At any point you stop, the work n you have done on the unit charge is equal
to the value of the potential, so it is said. Actually, you pushed in a one-coulomb collector, and
have collected and dissipated as work n joules of energy on that one coulomb. In other words,
the energy density of the potential there, if collected and dissipated on a collector, is n, where n
is joules per coulomb (NOT joules!). To prove it: suppose we go out on 10,000 radials from that
point, and push in from infinity 10,000 unit charges from infinity. Then, the total work done
"against the potential gradient ("field", in common language) is now 10,000 n. This makes no
sense at all from the conventional view (which carefully refrains from multiple collectors!). It
makes good sense from our view of the potential as having infinite energy but a finite energy
density. In that case, the more collectors, the more energy collected, for dispersal as work.
15. For a discussion, see Y. Aharonov and D. Bohm, 1959.
16. Nikola Tesla, "The True Wireless," Electrical Experimenter, May 1919, p. 87.
17. The power in the load is always the time rate of dissipation of energy that has just been
freely collected by the load for dissipation.
18. One can foresee a day in the not too distant future when any power company continuing to
do such an unthinkable thing will have a class action suit brought against it by its customers!
19. T. E. Bearden, "Mechanism for Long-Term Cumulative Biological Effects of EM Fields and
Radiation," March 1993 (in preparation).
20. Precisely analogous to a heat pump's operation - which as is well-known can readily be
"over unity" in its efficiency. The maximum efficiency of the heat pump is about 8.22. E.g., see
David Halliday and Robert Resnick, Fundamentals of Physics, 3rd Edition Extended, John Wiley
and Sons, New York, 1988, Volume 1, p. 510-519. Good heat pumps normally have about 4.0
efficiency.
21. External power in an electric circuit refers to the dissipation rate (in the circuit's external
load) of the potential gradients on the activated/potentialized electrons. Internal power refers to
the dissipation rate in the circuit's bipolarity source.
22. We call strong attention to T.W. Barrett, "Tesla's Nonlinear Oscillator-Shuttle-Circuit (OSC)
Theory," Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, 16(1), No. 1, 1991, p. 23-41. In this
important paper, Barrett shows that a higher topology EM, such as quaternion EM, allows many
things to be accomplished with circuitry that are not apparent to a conventional vector or tensor
analysis of that circuitry. He also shows the Nikola Tesla's circuits accomplished this higher
topological functioning.
23. It is easy to test this. Connect several different wires to a single source of potential gradient.
With respect to ground, the end of each one of those wires has the same potential gradient as
does the original source with respect to ground. If you connect 10 wires to a single "100-volt"
potential gradient source, you will have ten 100-volt potential gradients appear. You can use
each of these ten potential gradients as a primary source. From each of these new primary
sources, you can branch ten more, and now have a hundred potential gradient sources. You
can treat each of these hundred new sources now as a primary source. To each one, you can
add a switcher, collector, and external load, and drive all 100 loads. Or instead, you can put ten
switcher/collector/external load circuits with each of the hundred new primary sources, and
power all 1,000 external loads. Energy/potential is free from any source, so long as you do not
demand power from the same source.
24. Per Whittaker and Ziolkowski, this VPF exchange -- from consideration of its wave aspects -
- consists of a harmonic series of bidirectional waves.
25. We are easily permitted to have free energy and violate the "local energy conservation law
for a closed system." This is because the system is not closed, and so instead we must apply
local energy conservation for an open system with a hidden source. In any given time interval,
the energy taken (scattered) from the system as external work cannot exceed the sum of the
unscattered trapped energy that was in the system initially and the unscattered energy that
flowed into the system during that time interval.
26. You can actually do away with the separate collector, and utilize the doped copper DSC
material itself as the collector. However, you will not be able to collect nearly so much energy in
each collection cycle, for dissipating in the load in the subsequent work cycle.